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A. a.(1)(a) i) a)SÓØØEFG(ÿÿ$˜˜Ìà0 àà à(ÿÿ$™™à0 àà0 àà à((ÿÿ$ššà0 àà0 àà0 àà à  ÿÿA_ekqw‡DocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)joÿÿ4Tech InitInitialize Technical StyleÓS€ J  1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 þSÓØØ ÿÿCuy±ÉåTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1&ÿÿ$`ð`ð&ÿÿ$"ð"ðà0..àÌ&ÿÿ$ððà0..àÌ&ÿÿ$1«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@<ô6Nß9`(0Courier ItalicItalicXôxô6NßhÉez7ûXH(32Þ$©©Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  Ý(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular($Ó$‘‘òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó /Ô€fXkDXX9XÔÝ ƒmp¸ÿÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÚ  Ú1Ú  Ú.Ý  Ýà0  àPursuant€to€Section€6(b)(2),€the€Department€is€required€to€consider€the€criteria€set€forth€inÐ ° ÐSection€6(b)(1)€when€extending€controls€in€effect€prior€to€July€12,€1985.€€In€addition,€theÏreport€must€include€the€elements€set€forth€in€Sections:€€6(f)(2)(A)€(purpose€of€theÏcontrols),€6(f)(2)(C)€(consultation€with€industry€and€other€countries),€6(f)(2)(D)Ï(alternative€means€attempted),€and€6(f)(2)(E)€(foreign€availability). {Ô€ÜXkDXX9XÔ2.à0  àPursuant€to€Section€6(b)(1),€the€Department€is€required€to€make€determinations€regardingÐ ° Ðthe€criteria€set€forth€therein€when€extending€controls€in€effect€after€July€12,€1985.€€TheÏreport€shall€also€contain€the€additional€information€required€in€Section€6(f)(2)(A),€(C)„(E)Ï(as€set€forth€in€endnote€1,€òòsupraóó.) ÒÔ€çXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú3Ú  Ú.à0  àThere€may€be€limitations€in€assessing€the€economic€impact€of€certain€controls€because€ofÐ ° Ðthe€unavailability€of€data€or€because€of€the€prevalence€of€other€factors,€òòi.e.óó,€currencyÐ œì Ðvalues,€foreign€economic€activity,€or€foreign€political€regimes,€which€may€restrict€importsÏof€United€States€products€more€stringently€than€the€United€States€restricts€exports.  Ô€éXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú4Ú  Ú.à0  àWhen€controls€are€implemented€without€the€imposition€of€corresponding€restrictions€byÐ ° Ðother€countries,€it€is€diffi‚cult€to€guard€against€reexports€from€third€countries€to€the€targetÏcountry,€to€secure€third€country€cooperation€in€enforcement€efforts,€and€to€detectÏviolations€abroad€and€initi‚ate€proper€enforcement€action.€€The€relative€ease€or€diffi‚culty€ofÏidentifying€the€movement€of€controlled€goods€or€technical€data€is€also€a€factor.€€ControlsÏon€items€that€are€small,€inexpensive,€easy€to€transport€or€conceal,€or€that€have€manyÏproducers€and€end„users,€are€harder€to€enforce.€12345678 ÿÿ3sy…‹“›¡2Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a))*+,-./0 ÿÿ3sy…‹“›¡4Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)!"#$%&'( ÿÿ3sy…‹“›¡3Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) ÿÿ3sy…‹“›¡5Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)  ÿÿ3sy…‹“›¡6Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|x«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@<ô6Nß9`("CourierItalicXôxô6NßhÉez7ûXH(È$¡¡Ó  ÓÑ  Ñ d +DPDEEDHæ†x"(«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@É“8Å;X@(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@É“8Å;X@ ÿÿÿd«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@É“8Å;X@«<þ6X9`(Courieroman RegularXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@<ô6Nß9`("CourierItalicegularXôxô6NßhÉez7ûXH%ô\  `$Times NewRomangularôôXô\  PŽ6G;ôP&ÿÿ0 d d(42p¸$¥¥Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.«<þ6X9`(Courieroman RegularXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@<ô6Nß9`("CourierItalicegularXôxô6NßhÉez7ûXH rÝ ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÔ€íXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú5Ú  Ú.à0  àCertain€goods€and€technical€data€described€in€this€report,€whether€or€not€subject€to€foreignÐ ° Ðpolicy€controls,€may€also€require€a€license€for€certain€destinations€for€national€securityÏpurposes€in€accordance€with€Section€5€of€the€Act.<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularÔ(4(3$¤¤Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó \Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ïXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú6Ú  Ú.à0  àCitations€following€each€of€the€foreign€policy€control€programs€refer€to€those€sections€ofÐ ° Ðthe€Export€Administration€Regulations€(EAR),€15€CFR€Parts€730„772(730A„799A),€inÏwhich€the€control€program€is€described.TABLE A ¥Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÔ€òXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú7Ú  Ú.à0  àProvisions€pertaining€to€foreign€availability€are€not€applicable€to€export€controls€in€effectÐ ° Ðbefore€July€12,€1985€under€sections€6(i)€(International€Obliga‚tions),€6(j)€(CountriesÏSupporting€International€Terrorism),€and€6(n)€(Crime€Control€Instruments).€€ExportÏAdministration€Amendments€Act€of€1985,€Public€Law€No.€99„64,€section€108(g)(2),€99ÏStat.€120,€134„35.€€Moreover,€sections€6(i),€6(j),€and€6(n)€require€that€controls€beÏimplemented€under€certain€conditions€without€consideration€of€foreign€avail‚ability.€Ð (#(# Ð(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5llll'þÿdxd````'ÿÿÈÈÈÈdxd«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@%ô\  `$Times NewRomanôôXô\  PŽ6G;ôP(ÿÿ$••ò òÚ  ÚÚ  Úó ó„…~{Aýÿ<< cÿÿ«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@<þ6X9`(CourierMPþ6X@ɹ`7û@z`lii:ìÿ2  õÿÿÿÿdƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(43ê$££Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  Ý( ³þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú2Ú  Úó óÔÔÔÔÔ«<þ6X9`(Courieroman RegularXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@<ô6Nß9`("CourierItalicegularXôxô6NßhÉez7ûXH(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular ÂÔ€øXkDXX9XÔ8.à0  àA€validated€license€is€required€under€Section€6(a)€for€all€computers€going€to€Sudan€orÐ ° ÐSyria€with€performance€of€6€CTPS€or€above. bÝ ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÔ€¥X@øXX9XÔÚ  Ú39Ú  Ú.à0  àThe€analysis€required€by€law€differs€for€Nuclear€Nonproliferation€controls.€€It€is€governedÐ Ô! Ðby€the€Nuclear€Nonproliferation€Act€of€1978.€€Therefore,€the€headings€under€this€sectionÏdiffer€from€the€rest€of€the€report. ÀÝ ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÔ€ðXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú9Ú  Ú.à0  àSee€footnote€2€in€Section€1€of€this€report.а(#(# ЀTABLE ATABLE B ´Ý ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú10Ú  Ú.Ý  Ýà0  àÔ€üXkDXX9XÔMEED€Middle€East€Business€Weekly,€Vol.€39,€No.€19,€page€25€(May€12,€1995). &Ý ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú11Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€XkDXX9XÔà0  àThe€New€York€Times,€Section€D,€page€5.€Column€1,€article€by€Barnaby€J.€Feder€entitledÐ ° Ðð ðAn€Embargo€Is€Seen€to€Affect€Oil€Services€and€Farmers€Mostðð€(May€2,€1995).€TABLE CTABLE ATABLE BTABLE C ÷Ý ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú12Ú  Ú.Ý  Ýà0  àÔ€CXkDXX9XÔòòSizing€Up€U.S.€Export€Disincentivesóó€by€J.€David€Richardson,€Institute€for€InternationalÐ ° ÐEconomics,€page€130€(1993). éÝ ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú13Ú  Ú.Ý  Ýà0  àÔ€IXkDXX9XÔSisler,€Peter€F.,€ð ðIMF€Board€Cities€ððProgressðð€in€Sudan,ðð€òòWashington€Newsóó,€June€20,Ð ° Ð1995. ´Ý ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú14Ú  Ú.Ý  Ýà0  àÔ€LXkDXX9XÔU.S.€Department€of€State,€ð ðBackground€Notes€„€Sudan,ðð€June€20,€1995. Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý15Ô€RXkDXX9XÔÔ€QX2òXXRXkDÔ.à0  àÔ‡SXkDXXQX2òÔSee€footnote€3€in€Chapter€2€of€this€report.а(#(# ÐÔ#†QX2òXXSXkD€#Ôz`l$ôÿ«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@<þ6X9`(Courierô¡dþ6X@ɹ`7ûô@<þ6X9`(CourierMPþ6X@ɹ`7û@ Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÚ  Ú16Ú  Ú.à0  àÔ€XXkDXX9XÔCommercial€shipments€to€North€Korea€of€goods€intended€to€meet€basic€human€needs€areÐ ° Ðalso€permitted€under€a€license€on€a€case„by„case€basis.€€€€(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular °Ý ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú17Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€ZXkDXX9XÔà0  àCuba:€Handbook€of€Trade€Statistics,€1995,€Central€Intelligence€Agency. Ý ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú18Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€\XkDXX9XÔà0  àLicense€approvals€are€authorizations€to€export€and€do€not€necessarily€correspond€directlyÐ ° Ðto€the€volume€of€actual€shipments€within€1995.Table_AªCUBA.WPGÿWPC°°0*x-¶j'Ù93Ø'°°°°,,51ÿÿÿ3+'ÿÿÿ€$]$Œ €äŒ 5¤åx›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá0€ €ä$ 5’åf›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá1€ €äí$í 5€åT›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá2€ €äÜ $Ü  5n åB ›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá3€ €äÉ $É  5\ å0 ›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá4€ €ä¸ $¸  5J å›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá5€ €ä¥$¥ 58å ›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá6€ €ä“$“ 5%åù›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá7€ €ä$ 5åè›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá8€ €äo$o 5åÕ›Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá9€ €ä]$] ¿ðåĜԀ|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá10€ €b b Ò €ÜÜÒ €WWÒ €ÑÑÒ €LLÒ w ¿L “Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá1989 ò ¿Ç“Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá1990 m¿B“Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá1991 翼“Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá1992 b¿7“Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá1993 -Çj'Ù½Ô€888ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿáááCuban€Imports€and€Exports,€1989-1993 ×…#©Ô€ãããÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááá(Million€U.S.€$) H!½$‘ŸÔ€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿáááLegend “¶QŠÔ€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿáááYear ɧ”{ŸÔ€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿáááVolume  #ÆÛ#ššÔ€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááဠ ,€ @&ÀÀ 00ÀÀ 005 1ª3ÿÿÿàãa a »ã»à^ ÛÛ^ àÙVV0 Ù0 àSÑÑFSFàÎKKžÎžà´Ï% Ï% %´% ™ Y#á Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ªááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááªáImports !,ˆU"UˆU"U&ÀÀÀÀ3333 3333ÀÀÀÀ3333 33335!1ªàa Þ Þ wa wàÛYYŠ ÛŠ àVÓÓê Vê àÑNNÑàKÉÉKà´&% &% |´| ™ de#8 Ô€|||ÔÔG€%ä2¼`HelveticaGÔá ªááÿÿÿááÿÿÿááªáExports BÝ ƒ…ê#ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÌà@¾¾ žàFigure€1 ôÝ ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú19Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€^XkDXX9XÔà0  àð ðForeign€Investors€Finding€Cuba€More€Comfortable„With€U.S.€Away,ðð€òòThe€WashingtonÐ ° ÐPostóó,€September€12,€1995. ¶Ý ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú20Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€`XkDXX9XÔà0  àòòCuba:€Handbook€of€Trade€Statistics,€1995óó,€Central€Intelligence€Agency.«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@<ô6Nß9`("CourierItalicXôxô6NßhÉez7ûXH ÿÝ ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú21Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€bXkDXX9XÔà0  àHohn,€Y.T.€Kuark,€ð ðA€Comparative€Study€of€Foreign€Trade€in€North€and€South€Korea,ððÐ ° ÐUniversity€of€Denver,€March€1992,€p.€21.(43ê$§§Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  Ý èÝ ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú22Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€dXkDXX9XÔà0  àNoland,€Marcus,€ð ðThe€North€Korean€Economy,ðð€Institute€for€International€Economics,Ð ° ÐJuly€1995,€p.€26. ³Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÔ€lXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú25Ú  Ú.à0  àThough€the€Libyan€Sanctions€Regulations€encompass€the€restrictions€in€the€EAR€onÐ ° Ðexports€from€generally€the€United€States€to€Libya,€all€the€Department€of€CommerceÏcontrols€are€being€extended.€€These€controls€can€be€reevaluated€in€the€event€the€IEEPAÏauthorities€are€revoked.Ð (#(# Ð Ý ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú23Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€fXkDXX9XÔà0  àFlake,€L.€Gordon,€ð ðInternational€Economic€Linkages€of€North€Korea,ðð€Korea€EconomicÐ ° ÐInstitute€of€America,€May€26,€1995,€p.€2.Table_CTABLE A °Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÔ€jXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú24Ú  Ú.à0  àSee€endnote€3€in€Chapter€2.а(#(# Ð üÝ ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú26Ú  Ú.Ý  Ýà0  àÔ€oXkDXX9XÔð ðWhoððs€Punishing€Whom?;€Trade€Bans€Are€boomerangs,€U.S.€Companies€Say,ðð€òòTheÐ ° ÐNew€York€Timesóó,€September€11,€1996.«<þ6X9`(Courieroman RegularXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@ øÝ ƒmp¸%ÝÓ  ÓÚ  Ú27Ú  Ú.Ý  ÝÔ€rXkDXX9XÔà0  àð ðHouse€Passes€Measure€Against€Foreign€Firms€Investing€in€Iranian,€Libyan€Oil,ððÐ ° ÐòòWashington€Postóó,€July€24,€1996. œÚ  Ú28Ú  Ú.à0  àÔ€vXkDXX9XÔÔ€wXkDXXvXkDÔSee€endnote€3€in€Chapter€2.а(#(# Ð º29.Ô€|XkDXX9XÔà0  àExports€to€Australia€Group€member€countries€are€exempt€from€these€foreign€policyÐ ° Ðcontrols.€Until€recently,€Turkey,€as€a€NATO€member€country,€was€exempt€from€theseÏcontrols.€€Turkey,€however,€is€not€a€member€of€the€AG€and€has€not€adopted€AG„¼comparable€export€controls.€€Therefore,€the€United€States€imposed€controls€on€chemicalÏprecursor€exports€to€Turkey€on€October€19,€1994. %Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý30.Ô€XkDXX9XÔà0  àThe€Middle€East€region€is€understood€to€include€Bahrain,€Egypt,€Iraq,€Israel,€Jordan,Ð ° ÐKuwait,€Lebanon,€Libya,€Oman,€Qatar,€Saudi€Arabia,€Syria,€United€Arab€Emirates,€andÏYemen. °Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý31.Ô€‚XkDXX9XÔà0  àSouthwest€Asia€is€understood€to€include€Afghanistan,€India,€Iran,€and€Pakistan. &Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý32.Ô€…XkDXX9XÔà0  àThis€area€includes€Armenia,€Azerbaijan,€Belarus,€Estonia,€Georgia,€Kazakhstan,Ð ° ÐKyrgyzstan,€Latvia,€Lithuania,€Moldova,€Russia,€Tajikistan,€Turkmenistan,€Ukraine€andÏUzbekistan.€ Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý33.Ô€ŠXkDXX9XÔà0  àCuba,€Iran,€Iraq,€Libya,€North€Korea,€Sudan€and€Syria€have€been€designated€as€countriesÐ ° Ðsupporting€international€terror‚ism.€€See€endnote€1€in€Chapter€4€of€this€report.€€€«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@É“8Ç;X@«<ô6Nß9`(0Courier ItalicItalicXôxô6NßhÉez7ûXH«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiegularXôxþ6X@É“8Á;X@ £Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý34Ô€XkDXX9XÔ.à0  àThe€Commerce€Department€first€imposed€foreign€policy€controls€on€microorganismsÐ ° Ðuseful€in€weapons€development€on€February€23,€1989.€€On€July€5,€1992,€the€DepartmentÏrevised€these€export€controls€to€conform€with€the€list€of€microorganisms€agreed€to€by€theÏcountries€participating€in€the€Australia€Group. ŒÝ ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý35.Ô€XkDXX9XÔà0  àSee€endnote€34€in€Section€8€of€this€report. ŒÝ ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý36.Ô€—XkDXX9XÔà0  àSee€endnote€35€in€Section€8€of€this€report. ‹Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý37Ô€šXkDXX9XÔ.à0  àSee€endnote€3€in€Chapter€8€of€this€report. ‹Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  Ý38Ô€XkDXX9XÔ.à0  àSee€endnote€4€in€Chapter€8€of€this€report. ù«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiegularXôxþ6X@É“8Ç;X@<ô6Nß9`(.Courier 10cpiItalicXôxô6NßhÉŠ Ç;XH'ÈÈÈÈdxd(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularUTable_A«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@%ô\  `$Times NewRomanôôXô\  PŽ6G;ôP(43ê$¦¦Ý ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular bÝ ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÝ  ÝÔ€äXkDXX9XÔÚ  Ú39Ú  Ú.à0  àThe€analysis€required€by€law€differs€for€Nuclear€Nonproliferation€controls.€€It€is€governedÐ ° Ðby€the€Nuclear€Nonproliferation€Act€of€1978.€€Therefore,€the€headings€under€this€sectionÏdiffer€from€the€rest€of€the€report.ßÌ /ÀÀÀBEKOTKB _Ý ƒÙê&ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝDecember€2,€1996ÌÌRomanððs€comment:ÌÌÓ  Ó2.€€Under€foreign€availability,€I€suggest€that€you€quote€theÏlanguage€from€the€EO,€including€the€fact€that€Sec€DOC€hasÏdiscretion€to€consider€foreign€availability.ÌÌThe€bolded€portion,€except€for€the€first€sentence,€is€takenÏdirectly€from€the€executive€order.€€«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@É“8Ç;X@«<þ6X9`(CourierXôxþ6X@ɹ`7ûX@%ô\  `$Times NewRomanôôXô\  PŽ6G;ôP(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularlS ÿÿ,29[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà°..°àà0..àÌlf ÿÿ,29[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..ààÐ` ..` àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0` ..` àÌly ÿÿ,29[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` ààи ..¸ àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà` ..` àà0¸ ..¸ àÌ(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularlŒ 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Ô€ˆàh..hàà0À..ÀàÌlÅ ÿÿ,28[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..ÀààÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàÀ..Ààà0..àÌlØ ÿÿ,28[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..Ààà..ààÐp..pàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0p..pàÌlS ÿÿ,27[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà°..°àà0..àÌlf ÿÿ,27[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..ààÐ` ..` àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0` ..` àÌly ÿÿ,27[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` ààи ..¸ àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà` ..` àà0¸ ..¸ àÌlŒ ÿÿ,27[4]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ ààÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà¸ ..¸ àà0..àÌlŸ ÿÿ,27[5]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààÐh..hàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0h..hàÌl² ÿÿ,27[6]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÐÀ..ÀàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàh..hàà0À..ÀàÌlÅ ÿÿ,27[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..ÀààÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàÀ..Ààà0..àÌlØ ÿÿ,27[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..Ààà..ààÐp..pàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0p..pàÌlS ÿÿ,26[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà°..°àà0..àÌlf ÿÿ,26[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..ààÐ` ..` àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0` ..` àÌly ÿÿ,26[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` ààи ..¸ àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà` ..` àà0¸ ..¸ àÌlŒ ÿÿ,26[4]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ ààÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà¸ ..¸ àà0..àÌlŸ ÿÿ,26[5]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààÐh..hàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0h..hàÌl² ÿÿ,26[6]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÐÀ..ÀàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàh..hàà0À..ÀàÌlÅ ÿÿ,26[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..ÀààÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàÀ..Ààà0..àÌlØ ÿÿ,26[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..Ààà..ààÐp..pàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0p..pàÌlS ÿÿ,30[1]Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà°..°àà0..àÌlf ÿÿ,30[2]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..ààÐ` ..` àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0` ..` àÌly ÿÿ,30[3]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` ààи ..¸ àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà` ..` àà0¸ ..¸ àÌlŒ ÿÿ,30[4]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ ààÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà¸ ..¸ àà0..àÌlŸ ÿÿ,30[5]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààÐh..hàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0h..hàÌl² ÿÿ,30[6]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÐÀ..ÀàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàh..hàà0À..ÀàÌlÅ ÿÿ,30[7]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..ÀààÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàÀ..Ààà0..àÌlØ ÿÿ,30[8]Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÀ..Ààà..ààÐp..pàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0p..pàÌdS ÿÿ$7Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà°..°àà0..àÌÌdf ÿÿ$8Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..ààÐ` ..` àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0` ..` àÌÌB=ÿÿ$9Document StyleÌà..àò òÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔÌó ófy ÿÿ&10Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` ààи ..¸ àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà` ..` àà0¸ ..¸ àÌÌfŒ ÿÿ&11Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ ààÐ..àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà¸ ..¸ àà0..àÌÌfŸ ÿÿ&12Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààÐh..hàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆà..àà0h..hàÌÌf² ÿÿ&13Right-Aligned Paragraph Numbersà..àà` ..` àภ..¸ àà..ààh..hààÐÀ..ÀàÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ˆàh..hàà0À..ÀàÌÌfÅ 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NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)ùúû ÿÿ5u{‡•£29Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXôxþ6X@ÉÁ;X@(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiHÌ +ÀÀÀBEKOTKBä ÙÝ ƒÙê&ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝDecember€2,€1996ÌÌComment€from€Roman:ÌÌÓ  Óð ð1.€€Under€purpose€of€controls,€you€may€want€to€borrow€fromÐ L  Ðlanguage€used€in€an€NSA€affidavit€that€describes€purposes€ofÏU.S.€export€controls.€This€may€give€you€some€supplementaryÏlanguage€to€what€you€have€already.€€I€will€send€you€the€textÏin€a€separate€E€mail.ððÐ l@ ÐÌThe€bolded€portion€of€this€paragraph€is€from€Romanððs€forwardedÏe„mail(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹4Times New Roman Italic(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular"ù- ù´6Times New Roman Regular§…¨ÑMüÿ << deUU…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(n$––ò ò(Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú)ó óx…†Ñ›&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ_È!ÝÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  ÝØØÙÙÔ‡XkDXX9XÔÔ‡ j!XXkDÔò òØØÑ€ŸÑÑ8€ ÿ, XXdðdÈ8Ñà@á á ìàIII.€€Foreign›€Policy€Export€Controlsó óÔ#†XkDX! jq#ԈР° ÐÌÔ‡¼R{»XXkDÔò ò1.€Introductionó óÔ#†XkDX»¼R{_#ÔÐ Ø( ЀÌà  àExport€controls€maintained€for€foreign€policy€purposes€require€annual€extensionÏaccording€to€Section€6€of€the€Export€Administration€Act€of€1979,€as€amended€(the€Act).€€SectionÏ6(f)€of€the€Act€requires€that€a€report€be€submitted€to€the€Congress€for€the€controls€to€be€extended.€ÏSection€6(b)€of€the€Act€requires€the€Department€of€Commerce€to€include€in€the€report€certainÏconsiderationsœ× ƒS ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€and€determina‚tionsØØ× ƒU ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€on€the€criteria€estab‚lished€in€that€section.€€This€reportÐ ˆ Ø Ðcomplies€with€all€the€require‚ments€set€out€in€the€Act€for€extending€or€imposing€for‚eign€policyÏcontrols.€€ÌÌà  àThe€Department€of€Commerce€is€acting€under€the€authority€conferred€by€Executive€OrderÏNo.€12924€of€August€19,€1994€and€continued€by€notice€of€August€14,€1995€and€August€14,€1996.€ÏTherein€the€President,€by€reason€of€the€lapse€of€the€Act,€invoked€his€authority,€includ‚ingÏauthority€under€the€Inter‚national€Emergency€Economic€Powers€Act,€to€continue€in€ef‚fect€theÏsystem€of€controls€that€had€been€maintained€under€the€Act.€€Under€a€policy€of€conforming€actionsÏunder€the€Executive€Order€to€those€under€the€Act,€the€Depart‚ment€of€Commerce,€insofar€asÏappropriate,€is€following€the€provisions€of€Section€6€of€the€Act€in€ex‚tend‚ing€controls.ÌÌà  àAll€foreign€policy€con‚trols€in€effect€on€December€31,€1996€are€being€extended.€The€actionÏto€extend€the€current€con‚trols€is€taken€at€the€recommendation€of€the€Sec‚retary€of€State.€€AsÏfurther€required€by€the€Act,€foreign€policy€con‚trols€remain€in€ef‚fect€for€replacement€parts€and€forÏparts€contained€in€goods€subject€to€such€controls.€€The€controls€administered€in€accor‚dance€withÏproce‚dures€estab‚lished€pursuant€to€Section€309‚(c)€of€the€Nuclear€Non„Prolifera‚tion€Act€of€1978Ïlikewise€remain€in€effect.€€ÌÌà  àEach€chapter€that€follows€describes€a€particular€category€of€foreign€policy€con‚trols€andÏdetails€modifications€that€have€taken€place€over€the€past€year.€€ÌÌà  àMost€of€the€statistical€data€pre‚sented€in€the€report€are€based€on€fiscal€year€export€licens‚ingÏstatistics.€€That€data€was€generat‚ed€from€the€Commerce€computer€automated€system€that€is€usedÏto€process€and€track€export€license€activity.€€There€are€certain€limitations€in€gat‚hering€data€fromÏthe€system€that€are€due€to€the€tabu‚lating€procedures€used€by€the€computer€in€accounting€forÏoccasional€license€applica‚tions€that€list€more€than€one€country€of€destination,€or€are€amendmentsÏto€ap‚proved€applications.€€In€ad‚dition,€the€data€in€the€report€are€based€on€values€con‚tained€inÏexport€licenses€issued€by€the€Department.€€They€do€not€necessarily€represent€the€val‚ues€of€actualÏshipments€made€against€those€licenses.€€In€many€cases,€an€exporter€may€ship€only€a€portion€of€theÏval‚ue€of€an€approved€license.ÌÌà  àWhenever€worldwide€statistical€data€was€used,€the€figures€are€from€calendar€year€1995.€ÏFigures€from€1996€were€unavailable€at€the€time€the€report€was€compiled.ÌÐ à+0'* Ðà  àIn€addition,€please€note€the€numbering€system€of€the€Commerce€Control€List€(CCL).€€OnÏMarch€25,€1996€Commerce€published€in€the€òòFederal€Registeróó€a€comprehensive€revision€of€theÐ œì ÐExport€Administration€Regulations€(EAR).€€As€part€of€this€revision,€the€CCL€was€also€changedÏto€accord€with€the€numbering€system€of€the€European€Union.€€Among€other€things,€the€unifiedÏnumbering€system€aids€enforcement€officers.€€Since€both€the€old€and€new€regulations€were€inÏeffect€until€December€31,€1996€when€the€old€regulations€became€invalid,€this€report€notes€bothÏnumbering€systems€when€referring€to€the€CCL.€€The€new€numbers€are€listed€first.€€The€oldÏnumbers€are€in€parenthesis€with€the€letter€ð ðAðð€following€the€number.ÌÌà@àà!ìàò òHighlights€of€1996ó óˆÐ ü L  ÐÌà  àThere€were€four€major€changes€œin€the›€Commerce€export€control€œprograms›€during€1996.€ÏThe€first€was€in€January€1996€when€Commerce€published€a€regulation€implementing€theÏPresidentððs€October€6,€1995€announcement€of€a€major€reform€of€computer€export€controls.€€TheÏPresident€announced€a€liberalization€of€export€controls€on€all€computers€to€countries€in€NorthÏAmerica,€most€of€Western€Europe,€and€parts€of€Asia.€€For€certain€other€countries,€including€manyÏin€Latin€America€and€Central€and€Eastern€Europe,€this€rule€also€liberalized€export€controls€onÏcomputers.€€For€the€former€Soviet€Union,€China€and€certain€other€countries,€the€United€StatesÏfocused€export€controls€on€computers€intended€for€military€and€proliferation€end„uses€or€users,Ïand€eased€controls€on€exports€of€computers€to€civilian€customers.€€Finally,€there€were€no€changesÏin€current€policy€for€computer€shipments€to€terrorist€countries,€with€the€exception€of€the€additionÏof€Sudan€to€ECCNs€4A994€(4A94A),€4D994€(4D94A),€4E994€(4E94A),€and€Computer€Tier€4€(aÏgrouping€of€terrorist€countries,€for€the€purpose€of€computer€controls).€€This€decision€streamlinedÏlicense€requirements€for€U.S.€computers€that€are,€or€will€be€in€the€next€two€years,€widelyÏavailable€in€the€international€market€place.ÌÌà  àAs€mentioned€above,€on€March€25,€1996€Commerce€published€in€the€òòFederal€Registeróó€aÐ ¨ø Ðcomprehensive€revision€of€the€EAR.€€This€publication€only€made€minor€changes€to€exportÏœcontrol€policy;›€however,€it€clarified€the€language€of€the€regulations,€simplified€their€applicationÏand€generally€makes€the€regulations€more€user„friendly.€€This€fulfils€a€goal€of€the€TradeÏPromotion€Coordinating€Committee,€as€stated€in€its€report€to€Congress€entitled€ð ðToward€aÏNational€Export€Strategy.ðð€€ÌÌà  àOn€October€21,€1996€Commerce€published€a€rule€in€the€òòFederalóó€òòRegisteróó€acceptingÐ #l! Ðjurisdiction€œfor›€certain€commercial€communications€satellites€and€certain€hot€section€technologyÏfor€the€development€and€production€of€commercial€aircraft€engines€transferred€from€the€U.S.ÏœMunitions›€List.€€The€Secretary€of€Commerce€imposed€new€foreign€policy€controls€on€these€itemsÏwith€the€concurrence€of€the€Secretary€of€State,€in€the€belief€that€these€controls€are€necessary€toÏfurther€significantly€the€foreign€policy€of€the€United€States.€€These€commodities€are€alsoÏcontrolled€multilaterally€by€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement€whose€members€include€most€of€theÏother€producers€of€these€œcommodities.›Ìâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àIn€December€œ1996,€Commerce›€published€a€rule€in€the€òòFederal€Registeróó€implementing€theÐ ° Ðâ âVice€Presidentððs€October€1€announcement€on€encryption€export€controls.€€Export€licensingÏjurisdiction€for€commercial€encryption€items€was€transferred€from€the€State€Department€to€theÏCommerce€Department.€The€U.S.€Government€allows€the€export€under€a€licensing€exception€ofÏrecoverage€encryption€hardware€and€software.€€For€encryption€software,€a€two„year€relief€periodÏallows€the€export€of€products€with€up€to€a€56„bit€key€length€encryption€capability€after€a€one„timeÏreview,€and€is€contingent€upon€industry€commitments€to€build€and€market€future€products€thatÏsupport€key€recovery€and€key€management€infrastructure.€€The€Administrationððs€initiativeÏsupports€the€growth€of€electronic€commerce,€increases€the€security€of€information,€and€sustainsÏthe€economic€competitiveness€of€U.S.€encryption€product€manufacturers€during€the€transition€to€aÏkey€management€infrastructure€with€key€recovery.ÌÌà  àIn€addition€to€the€major€events€listed€above,€there€were€other€events€affecting€CommerceÏexport€controls,€especially€regarding€embargoed€countries.€€Following€the€shootdown€of€U.S.Ïcivilian€aircraft€by€Cuban€military€aircraft€in€February€1996,€the€President€ordered€the€groundingÏof€U.S.€flights€to€Cuba.€€The€ban€also€applies€to€temporary€sojourn€flights€that€previously€wereÏallowed€under€validated€licenses€for€humanitarian,€journalistic,€or€other€approved€purposes.€€TheÏPresident€allowed€one€flight€carrying€humanitarian€relief€aid€from€the€United€States€to€fly€directlyÏto€Cuba€in€October€1996€œwhen›€Cuba€was€struck€by€hurricane€ð ðLili.ðð€ÌÌà  àThe€Cuban€Liberty€and€Democratic€Solidarity€(LIBERTAD)€Act€(Public€Law€104„114)Ïwas€signed€into€law€on€March€12,€1996.€€œTitle€I€of€the›€legislation,€among€other€things,€codifiesÏthe€embargo,€amends€the€telecommunications€provision€of€the€Cuban€Democracy€Act€(CDA),Ïand€authorizes€the€President€to€assist€independent€non„governmental€groups€in€Cuba€and€toÏestablish€an€exchange€of€news€bureaus€between€the€United€States€and€Cuba.€€The€Act€did€notÏimpact€current€Commerce€licensing€of€exports€of€humanitarian€aid€to€Cuba€under€the€CDA.€€œThe›ÏPresident€decided€on€July€16€to€allow€Title€III€of€the€Act€to€take€effect,€thereby€establishingÏpotential€civil€liability€for€persons€trafficking€in€expropriated€property€in€Cuba,€claims€to€whichÏare€owned€by€U.S.€nationals.€€The€President,€however,€suspended€the€right€of€individuals€to€fileÏsuit€for€civil€damages€in€U.S.€courts.€€Title€œIII›€requires€the€President€to€decide€whether€to€renewÏthe€suspension€every€six€months.€€The€suspension€was€designed€to€encourage€our€allies€to€workÏwith€the€United€States€on€promoting€democracy€in€œCuba.€€Ô#†9XtXXXkDR#ÔÔ‡ÓXkDXX9XtÔTitle€IV€of€the€Act€provides€for€theÐ D!” Ðexclusion€from€the€United€States€of€persons€engaged€in€trafficking€in€confiscated€property€inÏCuba€to€which€U.S.€nationals€own€claims,€as€well€as€immediate€family€members€and€agents€ofÏsuch€firms.€€Ô#†9XtXXÓXkDa&#ÔÔ‡XkDXX9XtÔ›€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àOn€March€5,€1996€Commerce€amended€the€EAR€to€reflect€the€imposition€of€additionalÏeconomic€sanctions€on€Iran€as€a€result€of€the€issuance€of€Executive€Order€12959€on€May€6,€1995.€ÏThe€Executive€Order€delegates€responsibility€for€implementing€sanctions€imposed,€inter€alia,Ïunder€the€authority€of€the€International€Emergency€Economic€Powers€Act,€to€the€Department€ofÏthe€Treasuryððs€Office€of€Foreign€Assets€Control€(OFAC),€including€restrictions€on€exports€andÏcertain€reexports.€€The€controls€on€exports€and€reexports€to€Iran€under€the€Export€AdministrationÏRegulations€continue€to€apply.€€To€avoid€duplication,€however,€application€for€an€export€orÐ h+¸&* Ðreexport€subject€to€both€the€EAR€and€OFACððs€Iran€Transactions€Regulations€are€made€to€OFAC.€ÏIf€OFAC€authorizes€an€export€or€reexport,€no€separate€authorization€from€BXA€is€necessary.€ÏThis€rule€makes€clear€that€enforcement€action€may€be€taken€under€the€EAR€with€respect€to€anÏexport€or€reexport€prohibited€both€by€the€EAR€and€by€the€Executive€Order€and€not€authorized€byÏOFAC.€€ÌÌà  àOn€August€5,€1996€the€President€signed€into€law€the€Iran€and€Libya€Sanctions€Act€ofÏ1996.€€The€threats€posed€by€Iran€and€Libya€are€serious€and€urgent.€€By€limiting€the€ability€ofÏthese€countries€to€develop€their€petroleum€resources,€this€act€aims€to€induce€Iran€and€Libya€toÏchange€their€behavior,€and€to€restrict€the€funds€they€have€available€to€develop€weapons€of€massÏdestruction€and€support€terrorism.€€If€there€is€a€determination€that€sanctionable€activity€hasÏoccurred,€the€President€must€choose€two€among€six€sanctions,€one€of€which€is€export€sanctions.€€€ÌœÌ›à  àAs€consequence€of€the€1995€General€Framework€Agreement€for€Peace€in€Bosnia€andÏHerzegovina,€sanctions€on€the€former€Yugoslavia€have€ended.€€In€January€œ1996,›€OFACÏsuspended€sanctions€prospectively€on€all€financial€and€trade€transactions€with€the€FederalÏRepublic€of€Yugoslavia€(Serbia€and€Montenegro)€and€areas€of€Croatia.€€Concurrently€withÏOFACððs€action,€Commerce€reassumed€licensing€responsibilities€for€exports.€€Trade€and€financialÏtransactions€with€Serb„controlled€areas€of€Bosnia€were€similarly€authorized€prospectively€in€MayÏ1996.€€The€United€Nations€Sanctions€Committee€had€suspended€these€sanctions€on€NovemberÏ22,€1995€and€terminated€them€on€October€1,€1996.€€Former€Republic€of€Yugoslavia€assets€remainÏblocked,€however,€until€provision€is€made€to€address€claims€or€encumbrances€with€respect€toÏsuch€property€interests,€including€claims€of€the€successor€states€of€the€former€Yugoslavia.€€ÌÌà  àThe€United€Nations€terminated€the€restrictions€on€the€sale€of€arms€and€related€material€toÏthe€Government€of€Rwanda€September€1,€1996.€€Originally,€the€United€Nations€imposed€theseÏrestrictions€through€Resolution€918€in€1994.€€In€August€œ1995,›€the€United€Nations€suspended€theÏrestrictions€for€a€year€with€the€expectation€of€terminating€the€controls€if€Rwanda€remainedÏpeaceful€for€the€year.€€Since€the€Rwandan€government€remained€stable,€the€U.N.€restrictions€onÏthe€Government€of€Rwanda€were€terminated.€However,€the€U.S.€restrictions€on€the€sale€or€supplyÏof€arms€and€related€material€to€non„governmental€forces€for€use€in€Rwanda€are€still€in€effect.ÌÌà  àOn€December€9,€1996,€the€United€Nations€approved€a€long„delayed€oil„for„food€deal€thatÏpermits€Iraq€to€export€specified€amounts€of€petroleum€for€the€first€time€since€the€United€NationsÏimposed€sanctions€on€Iraq€in€1990€to€punish€it€for€invading€Kuwait.€€The€agreement,€whichÏrepresents€a€partial€lifting€of€the€sanctions,€permits€Iraq€to€sell€$2€billion€worth€of€oil€over€sixÏmonths€and€œuse›€the€money€to€buy€food,€medicine€and€other€humanitarian€supplies€to€help€easeÏwidespread€hunger€and€illness.€€This€program€is€administered€by€the€Department€of€TreasuryððsÏOffice€of€Foreign€Assets€œControl.ÌÌà  àOn€December€10,€1996,€the€National€Security€Council€(NSC)€reformed€the€ð ðinformed€byððÏâ âprocess€under€EPCI€by€placing€it€within€the€interagency€review€structure€for€export€licenses.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐThis€initiative€which€was€proposed€by€Commerce,€will€improve€the€transparency€and€timelinessÏof€the€ð ðinformed€byðð€process.›Ìâ âÌÓ  Óò òContents€and€Format€of€the€Re‚portó óÐ tÄ ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àA€two-part€structure€is€used€in€this€report€to€identify€and€report€on€foreign€policy€exportÏcontrols€administered€by€the€Department€of€Commerce.€€ÌÌòòPart€OneÔ& Ä Ô:€Export€Control€Pro‚gram€Descrip‚tion€and€Licensing€PolicyóóÐ  ` ÐÌà  àThis€part€defines€the€export€controls€main‚tained€for€a€particular€Ô'Ä S9Ôforeign€policy€pur‚poseÏthat€are€imposed€or€extended€for€the€year€1997.€€The€licens‚ing€requirements€and€policy€applicableÏto€a€particular€con‚trol€are€described€in€this€sec‚tion.€ÌÌòòPart€Two:€€Analysis€of€Control€as€Required€by€Section€6(f)€of€the€ActóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àThis€part€outlines€the€consid‚erations€or€determinations,€as€required€by€Section€6(f)(2)€ofÏthe€Act,€on€the€purpose€of€the€control,€criteria,€alternative€means,€consul‚tation€efforts,€andÏforeign€availability.€€For€each€control€program,€the€Depa‚rtment's€conclusions€are€based€on€theÏfollowing€required€cri‚teria:€€ÌÌò òA.€€The€Purpose€of€the€Controlòòó óÐ  \ ÐóóÌà  àThis€section€provides€the€for‚eign€policy€purpose€and€rationale€for€each€particular€con‚trol.ÌÌò òB.€€Considerations€and/or€De‚terminations€of€the€Secretary€of€Commerce:€€ó óÐ ¼  ÐÌ1.à  àòòProbability€of€Achieving€the€Intended€Foreign€Policy€Purpose.óó€€This€section€con‚sid‚ers€orÐ ”ä Ðdetermines€whether€such€controls€are€likely€to€achieve€the€intended€foreign€policy€purpose,€inÏlight€of€other€fac‚tors,€including€the€availabili‚ty€from€other€coun‚tries€of€the€goods€or€technologyÏsubject€to€control,€and€whether€the€for‚eign€policy€purpose€cannot€be€achieved€through€negotiaƒ¼tions€or€other€alternative€means.ÌÌ2.à  àòòCompatibility€with€Foreign€Policy€Ob‚jectives.óó€€This€sec‚tion€considers€or€deter‚minesÐ #l! Ðwhether€the€controls€are€com‚patible€with€foreign€policy€objectives€of€the€United€States€and€withÏoverall€United€States€policy€toward€the€country€or€the€proscribed€end„use€subject€to€the€controls.ÌÌ3.à  àòòReaction€of€Other€Coun‚tries.óó€€This€section€considers€or€determines€whether€the€reac‚tionÐ Ì&"% Ðof€other€countries€to€the€extension€of€such€export€con‚trols€by€the€United€States€is€likely€to€renderÏthe€con‚trols€ineffective€in€achieving€the€intended€foreign€policy€pur‚pose€or€to€be€counterƒ¼productive€to€other€United€States€foreign€policy€interests.Ìâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ð4.à  àòòEconomic€Impact€on€United€States€In‚dustry.óó€€This€section€considers€or€deter‚mines€if€theÐ ° Ðâ âeffect€of€the€controls€on€the€export€performance€of€the€Unit‚ed€States,€its€com‚petitive€po‚sition€inÏthe€internation‚al€econo‚my,€the€international€rep‚utation€of€the€Unit‚ed€States€as€a€reliable€supplierÏof€goods€and€technology,€or€the€economic€well-being€of€individual€United€States€companies€andÏtheir€em‚ployees€and€com‚munities€exceeds€the€benefit€to€United€States€foreign€policy€objec‚tives.× ƒV ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð `° ÐÌ5.à  àòòEnforcement€of€Control.óó€€This€section€considers€or€determines€the€ability€of€the€UnitedÐ 8 ˆ ÐStates€to€enforce€the€controls.€€Some€enforcement€problems€are€common€to€all€for‚eign€policyÏcontrols.× ƒW ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Others€are€associ‚ated€with€only€one€or€a€few€controls.€€Each€individu‚al€control€hasÐ  ` Ðbeen€assessed€to€determine€if€it€has€presented,€or€is€ex‚pected€to€present,€an€uncharacteristicÏenforcement€problem.€€If€no€enforcement€problems€as‚sociated€with€a€particular€con‚trol€areÏknown€or€expected,€other€than€those€dis‚cussed€in€footnote€4,€the€statement€"no€enforcementÏproblems€apart€from€those€discussed€in€endnote€4€have€been€identi‚fied"€is€used.ÌÌò òC.€€Consultation€with€Industryó óÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àThis€section€is€a€discussion€of€the€re‚sults€of€consultations€with€industry€lead‚ing€up€to€theÏextension€or€imposition€of€controls.€€It€also€includes€com‚ments€pro‚vided€to€BXA€by€theÏTechnical€Advisory€Committees€(TACs);€such€comments€are€attributed€to€the€TAC€unless€othƒ¼erwise€indicated.ÌÌò òD.€€Consultation€with€Other€Countriesó óÐ  \ ÐÌà  àThis€section€reflects€con‚sultations€on€the€control€with€countries€that€cooperate€with€theÏUnited€States€on€multilat‚eral€controls,€as€well€as€with€other€countries€as€appropriate.ÌÌò òE.€Alternative€Meansó óÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àThis€section€specifies€the€nature€and€results€of€any€alternative€means€attempted€toÏaccomplish€the€foreign€policy€purpose,€or€the€reasons€for€extending€the€controls€with‚outÏattempting€any€such€alternative€means.ÌÌò òF.€€Foreign€Availabilityó óÐ 0"€  ÐÌà  àThis€section€considers€the€availability€from€other€coun‚tries€of€goods€or€technolo‚gyÏcomparable€to€those€subject€to€the€proposed€export€control.€It€also€describes€the€nature€andÏresults€of€the€efforts€made€pursuant€to€section€6(h)€of€the€Act€to€secure€the€cooper‚ation€of€foreignÏgovern‚ments€in€con‚trolling€the€foreign€availabil‚i‚ty€of€such€comparable€goods€or€technolo‚gy.€€InÏaccordance€with€the€Act,€foreign€availability€considerations€do€not€apply€to€export€controls€inÏeffect€prior€to€June€12,€1985,€to€controls€main‚tained€for€human€rights€and€anti„terrorism€reasons,Ïor€to€controls€in€support€of€the€in‚ternational€obligations€of€the€United€States.̜Р |*Ì%) ЛÌÓ  Óò òGeneral€Comments€from€Industryó óÐ œì ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àDetailed€comments€submitted€by€indus‚try€are€provided€in€the€Appendix€to€this€report.ÌÌà  àNearly€all€comments€from€industry€emphasized€the€need€for€multilateral€controls,€ratherÏthan€unilateral€controls.€€Last€year,€nearly€all€comments€made€this€same€statement.€€TheirÏperception€is€that€unilateral€controls€do€not€impair€the€target€country's€ability€to€acquireÏcomparable€items.€€Industry€encourages€the€use€of€means€other€than€trade€sanctions€in€dealingÏwith€problematic€countries.€€However,€one€company€said€that€they€recognize€the€President's€rightÏto€impose€unilateral€foreign€policy„based€controls€on€certain€countries.€€œÌ›€€ÌœÔ‡¼R{»XXkDÔò ò2.›€Crime€Control/Human€Rights€[Sec‚tions€742.7(776A.14)]œ× ƒo ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€œ× ƒs ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  כРÀ  Ðó óÔ#†XkDX»¼R{ Q#ÔÌœòòà@1 1 ìàò òóóExport›€Control€Program€Description€and€Licensing€Policyó óˆÐ À  ЀÌà  àThe€control€on€crime€control€items,€required€by€Section€6(n)€of€the€Act,€is€promptedÏprimarily€by€hu‚man€rights€concerns€in€various€parts€of€the€world.€ÌÌA.à  àòòCrime€Control€Items.óó€€A€license€is€required€to€export€crime€control€and€detectionÐ \¬ Ðinstruments€and€equipment€and€relat‚ed€technical€data€to€any€destination,€except€NATO€members,ÏAustralia,€Japan€and€New€Zealand.€€ÌÌà  àòòImplements€of€Torture.óó€€A€license€is€required€to€export€specially€designed€implements€ofÐ  \ Ðtorture€and€thumbscrews€to€any€destination.Ìà0  àà0` (#(#àÐ ` (#` (# ÐB.à  àòòCrime€Control€Items.óó€€Applications€for€licenses€will€generally€be€considered€favorably€onÐ Ð  Ða€case-by-case€basis,€unless€there€is€evidence€that€the€government€of€the€im‚porting€country€mayÏhave€violated€internationally€recognized€human€rights€and€that€the€judicious€use€of€exportÏcontrols€would€be€helpful€in€deterring€the€development€of€a€consis‚tent€pattern€of€violations€or€inÏdis‚tancing€the€United€States€from€such€violations.ÌÌà  àòòImplements€of€Torture.óó€€Applications€for€licenses€will€generally€be€denied.Ð X"¨  ÐÌC.à  àFollowing€the€military€crackdown€by€the€People's€Republic€of€China€(PRC)€in€June€1989,Ð 0$€" Ðthe€United€States€im‚posed€constraints€on€the€export€of€certain€items€on€the€Commerce€Con‚trolÏList(CCL).€€Section€902(a)(4)€of€the€For‚eign€Relations€Authorization€Act€for€FY€1990„1991,ÏPublic€Law€101„246,€sus‚pends€the€issuance€of€licenses€under€Section€6(n)€of€the€Act€for€theÏexport€of€any€crime€control€or€detection€instru‚ments€or€equipment€to€the€PRC.€€The€suspensionÏmay€be€terminated€only€if€the€President€re‚ports€that€China€has€made€progress€on€a€program€ofÏpolitical€reform€or€that€it€is€in€the€national€inter‚est€of€the€United€States€to€terminate€the€suspenƒ¼sion.ÌÐ +à&* ÐD.à  àApplications€for€licenses€for€light€arms€and€crowd€control€items€to€Indonesia€will€beÐ ° Ðdenied,€consistent€with€Section€582€of€the€Foreign€Operations,€Export€Financ‚ing€and€RelatedÏPrograms€1995€Appro‚priations€and€1994€Supplemen‚tal€Appro‚priations€Act€(Public€Law€103„¼306)€and€Administration€policy.ÌÌE.à  àThe€Department€of€State€annually€com‚piles€a€volume€of€òòCountry€Re‚ports€on€HumanÐ L œ ÐRights€Practicesóó.€€This€report€is€prepared€in€accordance€with€Sections€116(d)€and€502B(b)€of€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐForeign€Assistance€Act€of€1961,€as€amended,€and€is€submitted€to€the€Congress.€€The€factualÏsituation€presented€in€this€report€is€a€significant€element€in€licensing€recommendations€made€byÏthat€Department.€€€œÌ›Ìœòòò òà@Y Y ìàóóAnalysis›€of€Con‚trol€as€Required€by€Section€6(f)€of€the€Actó óˆÐ Ô$  ÐÌòòA.€€The€Purpose€of€the€ControlóóÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àòòCrime€Control€Items.óó€€The€purpose€is€to€ensure€that€United€States-origin€police€equipmentÐ „Ô  Ðis€not€export‚ed€to€countries€whose€governments€do€not€respect€internationally„recognized€humanÏrights.€€Denial€of€export€license€applications€to€such€countries€distances€the€United€States€fromÏhuman€rights€violations€and€sends€a€concrete€signal€about€United€States€human€rights€con‚cerns€toÏthe€government€of€the€importing€country.ÌÌà  àòòImplements€of€Torture.óó€€The€purpose€is€to€ensure€that€U.S.„origin€implements€of€tortureÐ  \ Ðare€not€exported€to€any€destination,€in€order€to€distance€the€United€States€from€human€rightsÏviolations€and€to€send€a€concrete€signal€about€U.S.€human€rights€concerns€to€the€internationalÏcommunity.Ìà0  àÐ (#(# ÐòòB.€€Considerations€and/or€Deter‚mina‚tions€of€the€Secretary€of€Com‚merce:óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ1.à  àòòProbability€of€Achieving€the€Intended€Foreign€Policy€Purpose.óó€€Because€of€the€lack€ofÐ €Ð Ðcomplementary€controls€on€the€part€of€other€producer€nations,€these€controls€are€of€limitedÏeffectiveness€in€altering€for‚eign€government€conduct€where€the€item€is€avail‚able€outside€theÏUnited€States.€€Neverthe‚less,€the€control€does€serve€to€restrict€access€to€U.S.-origin€goods€inÏsituations€where€human€rights€are€being€violated€and€has€symbolic€impor‚tance€in€distancing€theÏUnited€States€from€those€violations.ÌÌ2.à  àòòCompatibility€with€Foreign€Policy€Ob‚jectives.óó€€This€control€program€is€fully€consistentÐ ô$D # Ðwith€U.S.€policy€in€sup‚port€of€internationally€recognized€human€rights,€as€expressed€byÏsuccessive€Adminis‚trations€and€by€Congress.€ÌÌ3.à  àòòReaction€of€Other€Countries.óó€€These€controls€are€unique,€serve€a€distinct€foreign€policyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpurpose€and€arise€out€of€deep‚ly€held€human€rights€convictions.€€Reac‚tions€of€other€countries€doÏnot€render€them€ineffec‚tive.ÌÐ h+¸&* Ð4.à  àòòEconomic€Impact€on€United€States€In‚dustry.óó€€€In€FY€1996€€1,706€applications€wereÐ ° Ðapproved€to€all€destinations€for€all€crime€control€commodities,€at€a€total€dollar€value€ofÏ$215,906,267.€€There€are€two€items€not€included€in€this€analysis,€fingerprint€computers€underÏECCN€4A003(4A03)€and€police„model€infrared€viewers€under€6A002(6A02).€€These€items€areÏalso€controlled€for€crime€control€reasons,€but€are€not€included€due€to€the€difficulty€of€extracting€aÏsmall€number€of€items€controlled€in€a€CCL€sub„paragraph€from€the€œdatabase.Ì›Ìà@' ' ìàCRIME€CONTROL€LICENSING€FY€1996ˆÌÌÔ*wƒq`tddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#wÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ,ždd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ  ü L  ÐItemÐ  ` °  ÐECCNÐ  ` °  ÐApplicationsÏApprovedÐ  Lœ  Ð$€ValueÐ  ` ° ÐShotgunsÐ  Ì  Ð0A984(0A84)Ð 7- Ì  |“@1247‰|“@‰7Ð1247Ð 7-+Ì  |“@1247 |“@ 7Ð$€67,404,867Ð  Ì  ÐHelmets/ÌHandcuffsÐ  8ˆ  Ð0A982(0A82)Ð 6, Lœ  `h@195‰`h@‰6Ѐ195Ð 6,*Lœ  `h@195 `h@ 6Ð$€€6,836,690Ð  Lœ  ÐTear€GasÐ  ¸ Ð1A984(1A84)Ð 6, ¸ g@184‰g@‰6Ѐ184Ð 6,*¸ g@184 g@ 6Ð$€€2,224,929Ð  ¸ ÐVoice€Print€I.D.Ð  8ˆ Ð3A980(3A80)Ð ) 8ˆ # ‰‰)Ѐ€€0Ð )8ˆ #  )Ð$€€€€€€€€€€0Ð  8ˆ ÐPolygraphsÐ  ¸  Ð3A981(3A81)Ð 5+ ¸!  ÀS@79‰ÀS@‰5Ѐ€79Ð 5+)¸"  ÀS@79 ÀS@ 5Ð$139,349,781Ð  ¸# ÐCrime€ScienceÌLabsÐ  $t% Ð9A980(9A80)Ð 4* 8ˆ&  ð?1‰ð?‰4Ѐ€€1Ð 4*(8ˆ'  ð?1 ð? 4Ð$€€€€€90,000Ð  8ˆ( ÐTorture€Implements/ÌThumbscrewsÐ  à* Ð0A983(0A83)*Ì€€€€€(0A82)*Ð ) à, # ‰‰)Ѐ€€0Ð )¤ô- #  )Ð$€€€€€€€€€€0Ð ¤ô.  ÐÌÌ*€The€old€ECCN€0A82,€which€previously€encompassed€police€helmets€and€shields,€leg€irons,Ïshackles,€handcuffs,€and€straight€jackets,€specially€designed€implements€of€torture,€andÏthumbscrews,€was€divided€into€two€separate€ECCNs€in€œ1995.›ÌÌà  àOf€the€applications€for€shotguns€(0A984/0A84),€47€were€denied€in€FY€1996,€with€a€totalÏvalue€of€$2,946,568.€€The€denied€applications€were€destined€for€a€variety€of€countries€includingÏVietnam,€Nigeria,€Indonesia,€and€several€other€Central€American,€Asian,€African,€and€EasternÏEuropean€countries.ÌÌà  àThe€existence€of€these€controls€could€negatively€impact€U.S.€suppliers€because€they€mustÏcomply€with€licensing€regulations€requiring€time€and€incurring€administrative€costs,€while€someÏforeign€competitors€do€not€control€this€equipment.€€Moreover,€some€crime€control€exports€areÏdenied,€such€as€shotguns€valued€at€$2,946,568€in€FY€1996,€representing€a€loss€of€potential€salesÏfor€U.S.€firms.€€However,€the€U.S.€Government€affirms€that€human€rights€violations€cannot€beÏoverlooked€for€economic€gain.Ð l+¼&> Ї5.à  àòòEnforcement€of€Control.óó€€No€specific€enforce‚ment€problems€have€been€identified€inÐ ° Ðconnection€with€crime€control€items€or€implements€of€torture.€€For€the€most€part,€the€affectedÏcommodities€are€readily€recogniz‚able.€€In€the€case€of€items€controlled€unilat‚erally,€enforcementÏcoop‚eration€from€other€countries€and€control€over€reexports€is€difficult.ÌÌœòòC.›€€Consultation€with€Industryò òóóÐ L œ Ðó óÌà  àòòCrime€Control€Items.óó€€€Commerce€has€not€received€any€comments€from€industry€on€crimeÐ $ t Ðcontrol€items;€however,€Commerce€has€received€several€letters€from€the€public€regarding€anÏAmnesty€International€Report€charging€that€the€U.S.€Government€is€licensing€crime€control€itemsÏthat€are€being€used€by€foreign€governments€for€human€rights€abuses.€€Commerce€takes€this€matterÏvery€seriously€and€is€currently€looking€at€ways€to€improve€the€licensing€of€crime€control€items€forÏlegitimate€police/military€activity€and€to€prevent€the€misuse€of€these€items€by€human€rightsÏviolators.€œÌ›Ìà  àòòImplements€of€Torture.óó€€Commerce€received€many€letters€from€the€public€questioningÐ „Ô  Ðimplements€of€torture€and€why€this€category€appeared€on€the€Commerce€Control€List€(CCL).€ÏImplements€of€torture€appear€on€the€list€to€notify€exporters€that€these€are€controlled€œcommoditiesÏand€may€not€be€exported€without€the€explicit€permission€of€the€U.S.€Government.›€€In€1995ÏCommerce€created€a€new€ECCN€for€implements€of€torture€and€thumbscrews€and€removed€themÏfrom€the€category€of€crime€control€equipment.€€Commerce€also€added€a€new€section,Ï742.11(776A.19),€to€the€Regulations,€to€emphasize€that€implements€of€torture€are€subject€to€aÏpolicy€of€denial.€€Commerce€also€extended€controls€on€implements€of€torture€to€all€œdestinations.€ÏNo€applications€were€approved€for€these€items€in€1996.›ÌÌòòD.€€Consultation€with€Other€Coun‚triesóóÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àMany€other€supplier€countries€have€not€placed€similar€controls€on€their€exports€of€crimeÏcontrol€and€detection€equipment.€€The€United€Kingdom€and€Canada€are€examples€of€countriesÏwho€do€maintain€controls€on€crime€control€commodities€that€are€similar€to€U.S.€controls.€€ÌÌòòE.€€Alternative€MeansóóÐ D!” ÐÌà  àExport€controls€on€crime€control€and€detection€equipment€are€required€pursuant€to€sectionÏ6(n)€of€the€Act.€€Alternative€means€are€not€likely€to€satisfy€this€require‚ment.€€The€United€StatesÏGovernment€frequently€uses€diplomatic€demarches,€sanctions,€and€other€means€to€convey€itsÏconcerns€about€the€human€rights€situation€in€various€countries.ÌÌòòF.€€Foreign€AvailabilityóóÐ ¸'#& ÐÌà  àThe€foreign€availability€provision€does€not€apply€to€section€6(n)€of€the€Act.œ× ƒu ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€Con‚gressÐ )à$( Ðhas€recognized€the€usefulness€of€these€controls€in€supporting€United€States€policy€on€humanÏrights€issues,€foreign€availability€œnotwithstanding.Ð  h+¸&* ÐÔ‡¼R{»XXkDÔò ò3.›€€Regional€Stability€[Sec‚tion€742.6(776A.16)]ó óÔ#†XkDX»¼R{+#ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌœà@1 1 ìàò òExport›€Control€Program€Description€and€Licensing€Policyó óˆÐ œì ÐÌà  àThis€control€has€traditionally€covered€vehicles€specially€designed€or€modified€for€militaryÏpurposes€and€certain€dual„use€com‚modities€that€can€be€used€to€manufac‚ture€military€equipment.ÏCertain€goods€and€technologies€were€transferred€to€the€CCL€from€the€State€Department's€UnitedÏStates€Munitions€List€in€1993€and€are€controlled€for€regional€stability€reasons.€€This€process€ofÏtransferring€items€from€State€Department€jurisdiction€to€Commerce€Department€jurisdiction€isÏcontinuing.ÌÌœA.›à  àA€license€is€required€for€foreign€policy€purposes€to€export€mili‚tary€vehicles€and€certainÐ è8  Ðcommod‚ities€used€to€manufacture€military€equipment€to€all€destinations€except€member€na‚tionsÏof€NATO,€Australia,€Japan€and€New€Zealand.€€Applications€for€export€licens‚es€for€such€itemsÏwill€generally€be€con‚sidered€favorably,€on€a€case„by„case€basis,€unless€the€export€would€contribƒ¼ute€significantly€to€the€destabilization€of€any€region.ÌÌB.à  àItems€formerly€on€the€United€States€Munitions€List€transferred€to€the€Commerce€ControlÐ pÀ ÐList€(CCL)€include€certain€image€intensifier€tubes,€infrared€focal€plane€arrays,€plus€certainÏnavigation€systems€technology€for€inertial€naviga‚tion€systems,€gyroscopes€and€acceler‚ometers.€€AÏlicense€is€re‚quired€for€export€to€all€destinations€except€Canada.€€All€license€applications€for€theseÏitems€will€be€reviewed€on€a€case„by„case€basis€to€determine€whether€the€export€could€contribute,Ïdirectly€or€indirectly,€to€a€country's€military€capa‚bilities€in€a€manner€that€would€destabilize€orÏalter€a€region's€military€balance€contrary€to€the€foreign€policy€interests€of€the€United€States.€ÌÌœà@Y Y ìàò òAnalysis›€of€Con‚trol€as€Required€by€Section€6(f)€of€the€Actó óˆÐ Ð  ÐÌòòA.€€The€Purpose€of€the€ControlóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àThis€control€provides€an€effective€mech‚anism€for€the€United€States€to€moni‚tor€the€exportÏof€the€noted€items€in€order€to€€restrict€their€usage€in€instances€where€regional€stability€or€militaryÏbalance€would€be€ad‚versely€affected.ÌÌòòB.€€Considerations€and/or€Deter‚mina‚tions€of€the€Secretary€of€Commerce:óóÐ 0$€" ÐÌ1.à  àòòProbability€of€Achieving€the€Intended€Foreign€Policyóó€òòPurposeóó.€€This€control€en‚ables€theÐ &X!$ ÐUnited€States€to€restrict€the€use€or€availability€of€certain€sensitive€goods€and€technologies€in€areasÏwhere€regional€stability€or€military€balance€could€be€adversely€af‚fected,€thus€achieving€in‚tendedÏforeign€policy€purposes.Ìâ âÐ ¸)%( Ð2.à  àòòCompatibility€with€Foreign€Policy€Ob‚jectives.óó€€This€control€is€consistent€with€UnitedÐ ° ÐStates€foreign€policy€goals,€including€promoting€peace€and€stability€and€preventing€U.S.€exportsÏthat€might€contribute€to€weapons€production€or€military€capabilities€in€areas€of€concern.Ìâ âÌ3.à  àòòReaction€of€Other€Countries.óó€€A€num‚ber€of€other€countries€limit€exports€of€items€andÐ `° Ðtechnologies€with€military€applicability€to€areas€of€concern,€recognizing€that€such€equipmentÏcould€adversely€affect€regional€stability€and€military€balance.€€ÌÌ4.à  àòòEconomic€Impact€on€United€States€In‚dustryóó.€Regional€Stability€controls€encompass€twoÐ  ` Ðmajor€groups€of€items.€€The€first€group€consists€of€commodities€that€do€not€require€a€validatedÏlicense€when€destined€for€NATO€countries,€Australia,€Japan,€or€New€Zealand.€€The€CCL€entriesÏthat€fall€under€this€category€are€9A018.b€(9A18A.b),€vehicles€specifically€designed€or€modifiedÏfor€military€purposes,€and€0A018.c€(0A18A.c),€specially€designed€component€parts€forÏammunition.€€œCommerce›€approved€100€IVLs€in€FY€1996€for€9A018.b(9A18A.b)€items,€with€aÏtotal€value€of€$53,298,952.€€There€were€no€denials€for€these€items.ÌÌà  àThe€second€group€consists€of€image€intensifier€tubes,€infrared€focal€plane€arrays,€andÏcertain€navigation€systems€technology.€€A€validated€license€is€required€for€export€to€allÏdestinations€except€Canada.€€These€items€are€controlled€under€ECCNs€1B018.a€(1B18A.a),Ï2B018€(2B18A),€6A002€(6A02),€6A003(6A03),€6D001€(6D21),€6E001€(6E01),€6E002€(6E02),Ï7D001€(7D01),€7E001€(7E01)(7E21),€7E002€(7E02),€7E101€(7E21).€€€In€FY€1996,€CommerceÏapproved€453€license€applications€for€these€commodities,€with€a€total€value€of€$51,020,448.ÌÌà  àThe€majority€of€these€applications€were€for€ECCNs€6A002€(6A02)and€6A003€(6A03)Ï(448€out€of€the€453€approvals€mentioned€above).€€Five€applications€were€denied€for€ECCNsÏ6A002(6A02)€and€6A003(6A03),€for€a€total€dollar€value€of€$1,760,143.€€Of€the€six€deniedÏapplications,€two€listed€the€country€of€ultimate€destination€as€China.€€The€remainder€had€beenÏdestined€for€India,€Algeria,€and€Croatia.€€Eighteen€applications€for€these€commodities€wereÏreturned€without€action.€ÌÌà  àOn€the€average,€license€applications€for€items€controlled€for€regional€stability€took€38„48Ïdays€for€processing€in€FY€1996.€ÌÌ5.à  àòòEnforcement€of€Control.óó€€Nearly€all€commodities€and€related€software€and€technologyÐ #l! Ðthat€are€subject€to€controls€for€regional€stability€purposes€are€also€subject€to€multilateral€controlsÏfor€either€national€security€or€missile€technology€reasons.€€This€coincidence€of€control€facilitatesÏthe€ability€to€detect€direct€exports€because€enforcement€personnel€do€not€require€additionalÏtraining€to€distinguish€national€security€or€missile€technology€controlled€items€from€thoseÏcontrolled€for€foreign€policy€purposes.€ÌœÐ  ¤(ô#' ÐòòC.›€€Consultation€with€IndustryóóÐ ° ÐÌà  àNone€of€the€industry€comments€received€on€the€extension€of€foreign€policy€controlsÏspecifically€addressed€the€regional€stability€controls.€€Various€elements€in€industry€have€beenÏconsulted€during€the€ongoing€transfer€to€Commerce€control€of€the€former€State€Department„¼licensed€Munitions€List€items.€€Industry€input€received€during€this€process€in€large€measureÏsupported€the€placing€of€these€items€under€Commerce€control,€and€encouraged€further€suchÏtransfers.ÌÌòòD.€€Consultation€with€Other€CountriesóóÐ ü L  ÐÌà  àCertain€items€controlled€by€the€United€States€for€regional€stability€purposes€are€beingÏcontrolled€by€the€members€of€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement.ÌÌòòE.€€Alternative€MeansóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€United€States€has€undertaken€a€wide€range€of€actions€to€support€and€encour‚ageÏregional€stability.€€Bilateral€and€multilat‚eral€diplomatic€means€have€been€used€to€discourageÏactions€that€destabilize€the€region€in€which€they€are€located.€The€United€States€has€specificallyÏencouraged€efforts€to€limit€the€flow€of€arms€and€mili‚tarily€useful€goods€to€regions€of€conflict€andÏtension.€€œÌÔ#†9XtXXXkD¢'#ÔÔ‡ÓXkDXX9XtÔÌòòF.€€Foreign€AvailabilityóóÐ øH ÐÌà  àThere€are€numerous€foreign€sources€for€the€military€vehicles€and€other€military€typeÏequipment€long€controlled€for€region‚al€stability€purposes.€€There€is€also€consid‚erable€foreignÏavailability€for€items€now€under€Commerce€Department€control€juris‚diction€but€previouslyÏcontrolled€by€the€State€Department.€€However,€nearly€all€commodities€and€related€software€andÏtechnology€that€are€subject€to€controls€for€regional€stability€purposes€are€also€subject€toÏmultilateral€controls€for€either€national€security€or€missile€technology€reasons.ÌÌÔ#†9XtXXÓXkDΚ#ÔÔ‡XkDXX9Xtԛ̜ò òÔ‡¼R{»XXkDÔ4.›€€Terrorist„Supporting€Countries€[Section€742.8,€742.9,€742.10(785A.4]Ô#†XkDX»¼R{“#Ôó óÐ 0"€  ÐÌœà@  ìàò òExport›€Control€Program€Description€And€Licensing€Policyó óˆÐ 0$€" ÐÌà  àThese€controls€reflect€U.S.€opposition€to€acts€of€international€terror‚ism,€as€well€as€addressÏother€United€States€for‚eign€policy€concerns.€€Pursuant€to€Sec‚tion€6(j)€of€the€Act,€the€Secretary€ofÏState€has€designated€Cuba,€Iran,€Iraq,€Libya,€North€Korea,€Sudan€and€Syria€as€nations€that€haveÏrepeatedly€provided€support€for€acts€of€international€terrorism.ÌÌà  àThe€United€States€maintains€comprehensive€economic€and€trade€embargoes€on€Cuba,ÏIran,€Iraq,€Libya€and€North€Korea.€€Export€control€elements€of€the€embargoes€against€Cuba€andÐ +à&* ÐNorth€Korea€are€administered€by€the€Department€of€Commerce€and€are€covered€in€Chapter€5.€ÏElements€of€the€controls€imposed€on€Libya€that€are€administered€by€Commerce€are€discussed€inÏChapter€6.€€Other€elements€of€these€embargoes€are€administered€by€the€Department€of€TreasuryÏand€are€not€discussed€in€this€report.€€The€comprehensive€embargo€on€Iran,€imposed€underÏExecutive€Order€No.12959€of€May€6,€1995,€and€the€United€Nations€Security€Council€mandatedÏembargo€on€Iraq€are€administered€by€the€Department€of€the€Treasury€and€are€also€not€addressedÏin€this€report.€€This€chapter€details€the€anti„terrorism€and€foreign€policy€controls€on€Iran,€SudanÏand€Syria.ÌÌà  àOn€April€24,€1996€the€President€enacted€the€ð ðAntiterrorism€and€Effective€Death€PenaltyÏAct€of€1996",€Public€Law€104„132.€€Section€321€of€the€Act€makes€it€a€criminal€offense,€except€asÏprovided€in€regulations€issued€by€the€Department€of€Treasury,€for€U.S.€persons€to€engage€inÏfinancial€transactions€with€the€governments€of€countries€which€support€international€terrorism.€€ÏIn€August€1996,€the€Treasury€Department€issued€the€ð ðTerrorism„Supporting€Countries€SanctionsÏRegulations.ðð€€Fundamentally,€as€the€United€States€already€had€comprehensive€trade€restrictionsÏon€Cuba,€North€Korea,€Iran,€Iraq€and€Libya,€this€change€did€not€have€a€substantial€impact€on€U.S.Ïexports€or€U.S.€export€license€requirements€to€these€countries.€€Under€the€Treasury€regulations,Ïcertain€financial€transactions€with€the€Governments€of€Syria€and€Sudan€are€prohibited€unlessÏspecifically€authorized€by€Treasury.€€The€new€regulations€for€Syria€and€Sudan€prohibit€U.S.Ïpersons€from€receiving€unlicensed€donations€and€from€engaging€in€financial€transaction€withÏrespect€to€which€œthe›€U.S.€person€knows€or€has€reasonable€cause€to€believe€that€the€transactionÏposes€a€risk€of€furthering€terrorist€acts€in€the€United€States.€€All€other€financial€transactions€areÏauthorized.€€Commerce€export€license€requirements€on€Sudan€and€Syria€are€maintained.€ÌÌà  àEffective€December€28,€1993,€the€Acting€Secretary€of€State€determined€that€fiveÏcategories€of€items€that€are€the€sub‚ject€of€multilateral€controls€were€to€be€controlled€to€certainÏsensitive€government€end„users€under€Section€6(j),€since€these€items€meet€the€criteria€set€forth€inÏSection€6(j)(1)(B).€€Specifically,€the€Acting€Secre‚tary€determined€that€these€items,€when€exportedÏto€military€or€other€sensitive€end„users€in€a€terrorist„designated€country,€could€make€a€significantÏcontribution€to€that€coun‚try's€military€potential€or€could€enhance€its€ability€to€support€acts€ofÏinter‚national€terror‚ism.€€These€anti„terrorism€controls€apply€to€œall€terrorism€list€countries.ÌÌà  àThe€Acting€Secretary€also€advised€that€other€items€not€specifically€controlled€underÏSection€6(j)€should€continue€to€be€controlled€for€general€foreign€policy€purposes€under€SectionÏ6(a)€to€terrorism€list€countries,€and€that€the€export€of€such€items€will€continue€to€be€reviewedÏprior€to€approval€to€evaluate€whether,€under€the€circumstances€of€the€application,€theÏrequirements€of€Section€6(j)€apply.€€These€measures€are€described€in€detail€below.€€This€reviewÏpractice€also€applies€in€the€review€of€all€exports€to€terrorist„desig‚nated€countries€regardless€of€theÏbasis€for€their€control.ÌÌà  àThe€Secretaries€of€State€and€Commerce€decided€to€impose€controls€on€Sudan€underÏSection€6(a)€to€correspond€to€Section€6(a)€controls€on€Iran€and€Syria.€€State€and€Commerce€alsoÏimposed€new€controls€on€explosive€device€detectors€to€Iran,€Syria,€and€Sudan.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àParagraph€A€below€reflects€the€Sec‚tion€6(j)€controls;€paragraph€B€reflects€the€Section€6(a)Ïcontrols€on€Iran,€Sudan,€and€Syria.€€ÌÌA.à  àThe€Acting€Secretary€of€State€deter‚mined,€effective€€December€28,€1993,€that€the€exportÐ tÄ Ðof€certain€categories€of€goods€and€technologies€when€destined€to€military,€police,€intelligenceÏentities€and€other€sensitive€end„users,€as€de‚termined€by€the€Department€of€State,€in€any€countryÏdesignated€under€Sec‚tion€6(j)€of€the€Act€as€a€country€that€has€repeatedly€provided€support€for€actsÏof€international€terrorism€"could€make€a€significant€contribution€to€the€military€potential€of€suchÏcountry,€including€its€military€logistics€capabili‚ty,€or€could€enhance€the€ability€of€such€country€toÏsupport€acts€of€inter‚national€terrorism."€€As€a€result€of€this€determination,€the€Secretaries€of€StateÏand€Commerce€will€notify€Congress€30€days€prior€to€the€issuance€of€any€li‚cense€for€the€export€ofÏany€item€from€the€five€categories€listed€below€to€sensitive€end„users€in€the€terrorist€countries.Ì€Ìà  àPursuant€to€Section€6(j)€of€the€Act,€a€validated€license€for€terrorist„designat‚ed€countries€isÏrequired€for€the€fol‚lowing€items€to€military€or€other€sensitive€end„users:ÌÌà0  àAll€items€subject€to€national€securi‚ty€controls,€except€comput‚ers€with€an€MTOP€levelÏunder€500€(WA);× ƒ ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›Ð\¬(#(# ÐÌà0  àAll€items€subject€to€chemical€and€biological€weapons€proliferation€controls€(AG);Ð (#(# ÐÌ€à0  àAll€dual„use€items€subject€to€mis‚sile„proliferation€controls€(MTCR);Ð \(#(# ÐÌ€à0  àAll€items€subject€to€nuclear€weapons„proliferation€controls€(NRL);€and€Ðä4(#(# ÐÌ€à0  àAll€military„related€items€(items€controlled€by€CCL€entries€ending€with€the€number€18).м (#(# ЀÌB.à  àPursuant€to€Section€6(a)€of€the€Act,€the€following€categories€of€items€require€a€validatedÐ ”ä Ðlicense€for€Iran,€Sudan,€and€Syria€in€furtherance€of€United€States€foreign€policy.€€Exports€andÏcertain€reexports€to€Iran€are€also€subject€to€licensing€requirements€under€the€trade€and€investmentÏcomprehensive€embargo€administered€by€the€Department€of€the€Treasury€under€the€authority€ofÏthe€International€Emergency€Economic€Powers€Act.€€Li‚cense€applications€for€items€controlledÏunder€Section€6(a)€of€the€Act€are€reviewed€before€approval€to€deter‚mine€whether€theÏrequirements€of€Section€6(j)€apply.€€Whenever€the€Sec‚retary€of€State€determines€that€the€exportÏ"could€make€a€significant€con‚tribution€to€the€military€potential€of€such€country,€including€itsÏmilitary€logistics€capability,€or€could€enhance€the€ability€of€such€country€to€support€acts€ofÏinternational€terrorism,"€the€appropriate€congressional€committees€will€be€notified€30€days€beforeÏthe€license€is€issued.€€The€categories€of€items€are:ÌÌà0  àCategories€of€items€listed€in€paragraph€A€to€non„military€or€non„sensitive€end„users.Ð (#(# Ðà0  àComputers€with€a€CTP€level€under€500Ð (#(# Ðà0  àAircraft,€Including€Helicopters,€Engines€and€PartsÐ (#(# Ѐà0  àHeavy€Duty€On„Highway€TractorsÐh+¸&*(#(# Ѐà0  àOff„Highway€Wheel€Tractors€(>10€tons)а(#(# Ðà0  àCryptographic,€Cryptoanalytic€and€Cryptologic€EquipmentÐ (#(# Ðà0  àNavigation,€Direction€Finding€and€Radar€EquipmentÐ (#(# Ðà0  àElectronic€Test€EquipmentÐ (#(# Ѐà0  àMobile€Communications€Equip‚mentÐ`°(#(# Ðà0  àAcoustic€Underwater€Detection€EquipmentÐ (#(# Ðà0  àVessels€and€Boats€(Including€Inflat‚able€Boats)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àMarine€and€Submarine€EnginesÐ (#(# Ѐà0  àUnderwater€Photographic€Equip‚mentÐ `(#(# Ѐà0  àSubmersible€SystemsÐü L (#(# Ѐà0  àCNC€Machine€ToolsÐè 8 (#(# Ѐà0  àVibration€Test€EquipmentÐÔ$ (#(# Ѐà0  àCertain€Digital€Computers€(CTP>6)ÐÀ (#(# Ðà0  àCertain€Telecommunications€Trans‚mission€EquipmentÐ (#(# Ѐà0  àCertain€Microprocessors€(Clock€Speed€>25€Mhz)Иè (#(# Мà  àCertain›€Semiconductor€Manufac‚turing€EquipmentÌœà  àSoftware›€Specially€Designed€for€CAD/CAM€IC€ProductionÌà0  àPacket€SwitchesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àSoftware€Specially€Designed€for€Air€Traffic€Control€ApplicationsÐ (#(# Мà  àGravity›€Meters€(Static€Accuracy€<100€Microgal€or€with€Quartz€œElement)›Ì€à0  àCertain€Magnetometers€with€Sensi‚tivity€<1.0€nt€œrms€per›€root€HertzÐ p(#(# Ðà0  àCertain€Fluorocarbon€Com‚pounds€for€Cooling€Fluids€for€Radar€and€SupercomputersÐ (#(# Ðà0  àHigh„Strength€Organic€and€Inor‚ganic€Fibers€Ð (#(# Ðà0  àCertain€Machines€for€Gear„Cut‚ting€(Up€to€1.25€Meters)Ð (#(# Ðà0  àCertain€Aircraft€Skin€and€Spar€Milling€MachinesÐ (#(# Ðà0  àCertain€Manual€Dimensional€In‚spection€Machines€(Linear€Posi‚tioning€AccuracyÏœ3+L/300)›Ð (#(# Ðà0  àRobots€Employing€Feedback€Infor‚mation€in€Real€TimeÐ (#(# Ðà0  àExplosive€device€detectors,€used€in€airportsÐ (#(# ÐÌC.à0  àA€validated€license€for€foreign€policy€reasons€is€required€for€Iran€and€Sudan€for€theÐ X ¨ Ðfollowing€additional€items:Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àLarge€Diesel€Engines€(>400€hp)Ìà  àScuba€Gear€Ìà0  àPressurized€Aircraft€Breathing€EquipmentÐ (#(# ÐÌD.à0  àA€validated€license€for€foreign€policy€reasons€is€required€only€for€Iran€for€the€followingÐ Ì&"% Ðadditional€œitems:Ð ¸'#&(#(# Лà  àPortable€Electric€Power€GeneratorsÌÌE.à  àLicensing€Policy:Ð ˆØ ÐÌ1.à  àAll€items€requiring€a€license€for€Iran€for€national€security€or€foreign€policy€reasons€areÐ `° Ðsubject€to€a€policy€of€denial.€€All€exports€and€certain€specified€reexports€are€also€subject€to€theÏcomprehensive€trade€and€investment€embargo€administered€by€the€Department€of€Treasury.ÌÌ2.à  àApplications€for€export€to€Sudan€and€Syria€of€national€security€controlled€items€willÐ  ` Ðgenerally€be€denied€if€the€export€is€destined€to€a€military€or€other€sensitive€end„user€or€end„use.€ÏApplications€for€other€end„users€or€end„uses€in€Sudan€and€Syria€will€be€considered€on€a€case„by„¼case€basis.ÌÌ3.à  àAll€items€subject€to€chemical€and€biological€weapons€(CBW)€proliferation€controlsÐ ¬ü  Ðproposed€for€ex‚port€to€Sudan€and€Syria€will€generally€be€denied.ÌÌ4.à  àAll€items€subject€to€missile€tech‚nology€controls€proposed€for€ex‚port€to€Sudan€and€SyriaÐ pÀ Ðwill€gener‚ally€be€denied.Ì€Ì5.à  àApplications€for€export€to€Sudan€and€Syria€of€military„related€items€(CCL€entries€endingÐ 4„ Ðin€the€number€18)€will€generally€be€denied.ÌÌ6.à  àApplications€to€export€to€Sudan€and€Syria€nuclear€referral€list€items€will€generally€beÐ øH Ðdenied€for€military€end€use.€€For€civilian€end€use,€applications€will€be€considered€on€a€case„by„¼case€basis.ÌÌ7.à  àApplications€for€other€items€controlled€to€Sudan€and€Syria€for€foreign€policy€purposesÐ ¨ø Ðwill€carry€a€pre‚sumption€of€denial€to€mili‚tary€end„users€and€end„uses.€€For€other€end„users€andÏend„uses,€license€appli‚cations€will,€in€most€instances,€be€reviewed€on€a€case„by„case€basis.€€ÌÌ8.à  àApplications€for€export€and€reexport€to€Su‚dan€and€Syria€will€be€considered€on€a€case„by„Ð X ¨ Ðcase€basis€if:ÌÌà  àa.€€the€transaction€involves€the€reexport€to€Sudan€or€Syria€of€items€where€Sudan€or€SyriaÏwas€not€the€intended€ultimate€destina‚tion€at€the€time€of€original€export€from€the€United€States,Ïprovided€that€the€export€from€the€United€States€occurred€prior€to€the€appli‚cable€contract€sanctityÏdate;ÌÌà  àb.€€the€United€States€content€value€of€foreign„produced€com‚modities€is€20€percent€or€less;ÏorÌÌà  àc.€€the€commodities€are€medical€equipment.ÌÐ h+¸&* Ð9.à  àApplicants€wishing€to€have€contract€sanctity€considered€in€reviewing€their€applicationsÐ ° Ðmust€submit€adequate€documentation€demonstrating€the€existence€of€a€contract€that€pre„dates€theÏimposition€or€expansion€of€controls€on€the€item(s)€intended€for€export.ÌÌœà@7 7 ìàò òAnalysis›€of€Con‚trol€as€Required€by€Section€6(f)€of€The€Actó óˆÐ `° ÐÌA.€€The€Purpose€of€the€Control€ÌÌà  àThe€controls€concretely€distance€the€United€States€from€nations€that€have€repeat‚edlyÏsupported€acts€of€international€terror‚ism,€and€demonstrate€the€firm€re‚solve€of€the€United€StatesÏnot€to€conduct€unrestricted€export€trade€with€nations€that€do€not€adhere€to€acceptable€norms€ofÏinternational€behav‚ior.€€The€licensing€mechanism€provides€the€Department€with€the€means€toÏcontrol€any€significant€Unit‚ed€States€contribution€to€the€military€potential€of€designated€countriesÏand€to€limit€their€ability€to€support€international€terrorism.ÌÌà  àòòIran.óó€€These€controls€respond€to€continued€Iranian€sponsorship€of€terrorism.€€The€purposeÐ „Ô  Ðof€the€controls€is€to€restrict€equipment€that€would€be€useful€in€enhancing€Iran's€military€orÏterrorist„supporting€capabilities,€as€well€as€address€other€U.S.€foreign€policy€concerns,€includingÏhuman€rights,€non„proliferation€and€regional€stability.ÌÌà  àThe€controls€also€allow€the€United€States€to€prevent€shipments€of€U.S.„origin€equipmentÏfor€uses€that€could€pose€a€direct€threat€to€U.S.€interests.€€Iran€continues€to€support€groups€thatÏpractice€terrorism,€including€terrorism€to€disrupt€the€Middle€East€Peace€Process,€and€it€continuesÏto€kill€Iranian€dissidents€abroad.€€By€restricting€militarily€useful€items,€the€controls€demonstrateÏthe€resolve€of€the€United€States€not€to€provide€any€direct€or€indirect€military€support€for€Iran€andÏrespond€to€other€U.S.€foreign€policy€concerns.ÌÌà  àòòSyria.óó€€Although€there€is€no€evidence€of€direct€Syrian€Government€involvement€in€theÐ ”ä Ðplanning€or€implementing€of€terrorist€acts€since€1986,€Syria€continues€to€provide€support€and€safeÏhaven€to€groups€which€engage€in€terrorism.€The€groups€include€the€Popular€Front€for€theÏLiberation€of€Palestine€General€Command;€Hamas;€Hizballah;€the€Abu€Nidal€Organization;€theÏPopular€Front€for€the€Liberation€of€Palestine;€the€Demo‚cratic€Front€for€the€Liberation€ofÏPalestine;€the€Japanese€Red€Army;€the€Kurdistan€Workers€Party€(PKK);€DHKP/C€(formerlyÏknown€as€Dev€Sol);€and€the€Palestinian€Is‚lamic€Jihad.€€The€trade€con‚trols€reflect€U.S.€oppositionÏto€Syria's€support€and€safe„haven€to€terrorist€groups€and€prevent€a€significant€U.S.€contribution€toÏSyria's€military€capabilities.€€€ÌÌà  àòòSudanóó.€Evidence€indicates€that€Sudan€allows€the€use€of€its€territory€as€sanctuary€forÐ Ì&"% Ðterrorists€including€the€Abu€Nidal€Organiza‚tion,€Hizballah,€Hamas€and€Pal‚estinian€Islamic€Jihad.€ÏSafe€houses€and€other€facili‚ties€used€to€support€radical€groups€are€al‚lowed€to€exist€in€Sudan€withÏthe€apparent€approval€of€the€Sudanese€Government's€leadership.€€Further,€some€mili‚taryÏextremists€who€commit€acts€of€‚sabotage€in€neighboring€countries€receive€train‚ing€in€Sudan.€€TheÏexport€controls€demon‚strate€United€States€opposition€to€Sudan's€support€for€interna‚tionalÐ h+¸&* Ðterrorism€while€restricting€access€to€items€that€could€make€a€significant€contribu‚tion€to€Sudan'sÏmili‚tary€capability€or€ability€to€support€inter‚national€terrorism.€€ÌÌB.€Considerations€and/or€Determi‚na‚tions€of€the€Secretary€of€Com‚merce:œ× ƒ’ ×Ý ƒR$ÓÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  כРtÄ ÐÌ1.à  àòò€Probability€of€Achieving€the€Intended€Foreign€Policy€Purpose.óó€Although€avail‚ability€ofÐ L œ Ðcomparable€goods€from€foreign€sources€limits€the€economic€effects€of€these€controls,€they€areÏeffective€in€achieving€their€pur‚pose€of€restricting€access€of€these€coun‚tries€to€United€States„originÏcommodities€and€techni‚cal€data€and€in€demonstrating€the€determina‚tion€of€the€United€States€toÏoppose€and€distance€itself€from€acts€of€international€terrorism.€Judicious€applica‚tion€of€exportÏcontrols€in€conjunction€with€other€efforts€serves€to€enhance€the€overall€United€States€effort€toÏcombat€internation‚al€terrorism.€€In€extending€controls€toward€Iran,€Syria€and€Sudan,€the€SecretaryÏhas€determined€that€they€are€likely€to€achieve€the€intended€for‚eign€policy€purpose,€in€spite€ofÏsuch€other€factors€as€the€availabil‚ity€from€other€coun‚tries€of€comparable€items.ÌÌà  àòòIran.óó€€€The€controls€on€Iran€restrict€its€access€to€specified€items€of€U.S.„origin€that€couldÐ „Ô  Ðbe€used€to€threaten€U.S.€interests.€€The€United€States€has€sought,€and€will€continue€to€seek,€theÏcooperation€of€other€countries€in€cutting€off€the€flow€of€military€and€military„related€equipmentÏto€Iran.€ÌÌà  àòòSudan.óó€€The€controls€on€Sudan€affirm€the€commitment€of€the€United€States€to€op‚poseÐ  p Ðinternational€terrorism€by€limiting€Sudan's€ability€to€obtain€and€use€United€States„origin€items€inÏsupport€of€terrorist€or€military€activity.€€These€controls€send€a€clear€mes‚sage€to€Sudan€of€strongÏUnited€States€oppo‚sition€to€its€support€for€terror‚ist€groups.€€Ìà  àÌà  àòòSyria.óó€€These€controls€are€an€important€means€of€demonstrating€the€United€States'€resolveÐ ¼  Ðby€limiting€Syria's€ability€to€obtain€United€States-origin€items€that€could€be€used€to€supportÏterrorist€activities€or€con‚tribute€significantly€to€Syria's€military€potential.€€Although€other€nationsÏproduce€many€of€the€items€subject€to€United€States€anti„terrorism€controls,€this€does€not€obvi‚ateÏthe€need€to€send€a€strong€signal€to€the€Syrian€Govern‚ment€of€our€disapproval€of€support€forÏgroups€involved€in€terrorism.ÌÌ2.à  àòòCompatibility€with€Foreign€Policy€Ob‚jectives.óó€€In€extending€these€controls,€the€SecretaryÐ 0"€  Ðdetermined€that€they€are€compati‚ble€with€the€foreign€policy€objec‚tives€of€the€United€StatesÏtoward€nations€designated€as€supporters€of€terrorism.€€They€are€also€compatible€with€overallÏUnited€States€policy€toward€Iran,€Sudan€and€Syria.€€In€addition,€the€controls€are€consistent€withÏUnited€States€efforts€to€restrict€the€flow€of€items€that€could€be€used€for€military€or€terrorist€purƒ¼poses.ÌÌ3.à  àòòReaction€of€Other€Countries.óó€€The€Unit‚ed€States€limits€the€extra„territorial€effects€of€theseÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcontrols€to€minimize€fric‚tions€with€friendly€countries.€€The€list€of€countries€designated€asÏsupporters€of€international€terrorism€is€revised€whenever€a€country's€record€warrants€its€removalÏfrom,€or€addi‚tion€to,€the€terrorist€country€list.€€In€1982,€Iraq€was€removed€while€Cuba€was€added.€Ð h+¸&* ÐIran€was€added€in€1984€and€North€Korea€in€1988.€€Iraq€in€1990€was€returned€to€the€list€and€theÏformer€People's€Democratic€Repub‚lic€(PDR)€of€Yemen€was€removed€following€its€unificationÏwith€the€Yemen€Arab€Republic.€€Sudan€was€added€in€1993.€€The€controls€are€applied€on€the€basisÏof€each€country's€record€regarding€support€for€repeated€acts€of€inter‚national€terrorism.ÌÌà  àThe€Secretary€has€determined€that€the€reaction€of€other€countries€to€the€exten‚sion€of€theÏcontrols€on€Iran,€Syria€and€Sudan€is€not€likely€to€render€the€controls€ineffective€in€achieving€theirÏintended€foreign€policy€purpose,€or€to€be€counter‚productive€to€United€States€foreign€policyÏinterests.ÌÌà  àòòIran.óó€€Regarding€the€controls€on€specific€product€categories,€other€countries€have€sharedÐ è 8  Ðthe€United€States'€concern€over€Iran's€support€of€terrorism,€human€rights€abuses,€attempts€toÏacquire€weapons€of€mass€destruction,€a