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ÝÒX°Òà@øø1ü!àDepartment€of€Commerce€Export€Enforcement€CasesˆÌà@¬¬2ü!àClosed€October€1,€1995€to€September€30,€1996ˆÌÌOrder€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sections€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌDate€€€€€€€Cases€€€€€€€€€€€€Charges€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Violated€€€€€€€€Respondents€€€€€€€€€€ResultÌ-----€€€€€€-----€€€€€€€€€€€€-------€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€--------€€€€€€€€-----------€€€€€€€€€€------ *Ý ƒ -ø$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡XXveXXXÔÔ‡X&ª H%XXveÔ€€€For€the€purpose€of€this€section,€ð ðcontrolled€countriesðð€are:€Albania,€Armenia,€Azerbaijan,Ð ° ÐBelarus,€Bulgaria,€Cambodia,€China€(PRC),€Cuba,€Estonia,€Georgia,€Kazakhstan,€Kyrgyzstan,€Laos,ÏLatvia,€Lithuania,€Moldova,€Mongolia,€North€Korea,€Romania,€Russia,€Tajikistan,€Turkmenistan,ÏUkraine,€Uzbekistan,€and€Vietnam.Ô#†XXveXH%&ª n#ÔÔ#†YX»ØXXXveO#Ô(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular<èÀ( 9Z &Courier Regular 4Ý ƒPOš'ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÒð°ÒÒá°ÒÔ‡\X@ŠXXXÔÔ‡\ô:7õX\X@ŠÔà@šš ÈàDepartment€of€Commerce€Export€Enforcement€CasesˆÐ È Ðà@00!ÈàClosed€October€1,€1995€to€September€30,€1996ˆÌÌòòOrder€Dateóóà0   àà0ø  2  2àòòCasesóóà0P ø 2ø 2àà0¨ P  2P  2àà0¨  2¨  2àà0X 2 2àòòChargesà  àà ` àà ¸ àSections€Violatedà À! àà $ àRespondentsà È( àà + àà x- àResultsóó´±Ó ^ 9Z+‹.Courier New Regular Ñ   ÑÑ   Ñ Ñ ° ÑÑ ° ÑÝ ƒæ¹!ÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÑ = ÑÝ  ݛԇXveXXXÔÙÙò òÑ€ ÑÑ8€SïXXdðdÈ8Ñà@;;!ìàÔ‡RÇQXXveÔII.€€ANNUAL€REPORTÔ#†XveXQRÇÊ#ԈР° ÐÌÌÔ‡¼ »XXveÔ1.€€The€Office€of€Exporter€ServicesÔ#†XveX»¼ 6#Ôó óÐ Ô$ ÐÌà@ ìàò òGovernment€and€Industry€Cooperative€Efforts€ó óˆÐ Ô $ ÐÌà  àBXA€manages€dual„use€export€controls€and€U.S.€non„proliferation€efforts€in€a€mannerÏthat€furthers€vital€national€security€and€foreign€policy€interests€of€the€United€States,€whileÏminimizing€the€economic€impact€on€the€American€business€community.€€BXA€is€responsible€forÏadapting€this€export€control€system€as€needed€to€keep€pace€with€rapid€technological€advances€andÏchanges€in€U.S.€international€relations.€€BXA€regulates€exports€through€a€licensing€system€setÏforth€in€the€Export€Administration€Regulations€(EAR)(15€œCFR€Parts€730„774).€€The€success€ofÏBXAððs€initiatives€undertaken€in€the€past€year€is€a€direct€result€of€the€cooperative€effort€betweenÏBXA€and€industry.€€ÌÌà  àThe€Office€of€Exporter€Services€(OExS)€has€the€responsibility€for€administering€EA'sÏeducation€and€compliance€role€and€implements€of€export€policy€within€Export€Administration.€ÏIn€this€role,€OExS€has€spearheaded€government„industry€cooperative€efforts€through€participationÏin€several€initiatives,€including€regulation€reform,€implementation€of€new€processing€timeÏframes,€export€control€liberalization,€and€industry€outreach.Ìà  àÌÓ  Óò òRegulation€Reform€EffortÐ €Ð Ðó óÓ†ÓÌà  àThe€Administration€completed€the€first€comprehensive€rewrite€of€the€ExportÏAdministration€Regulations€(EAR)€in€over€40€years€with€the€March€25,€1996€publication€in€theÏFederal€Register€of€an€interim€rule€simplifying€and€streamlining€the€EAR.€€BXA€involvedÏindustry€in€the€development€of€this€rule€and€companiesðð€participation€throughout€theÏsimplification€process€had€a€direct€impact€on€its€success.€€ÌÌà  àBXA€began€this€reform€effort€by€releasing€four€draft€"Discussion€Packages",€bothÏelectronically€and€in€hard€copy,€to€solicit€industry€participation€and€comment€and€maximize€theÏtransparency€of€the€process.€à  àOn€May€11,€1995,€the€Federal€Register€published€a€proposed€ruleÐ ¸"  Ðwith€a€request€for€comments.€€The€proposed€rule€reflected€several€new€features€based€on€theÏcomments€received€from€the€public€on€how€the€EAR€could€be€improved.€€Immediately€followingÏthe€publication€of€the€proposed€rule,€BXA€conducted€numerous€town„hall€style€meetings€aroundÏthe€United€States€to€engage€in€constructive€dialogue€with€the€exporting€community€in€preparationÏfor€issuing€the€interim€rule€in€the€Spring€of€1996.€€ÌÌà  àWith€the€publication€of€the€interim€rule€on€March€25,€1996,€OExS€began€a€series€of€13Ï"Roll„Out"€seminars€throughout€the€United€States.€€These€seminars€were€designed€not€only€toÏeducate€and€guide€the€public€through€the€new€EAR,€but€also€to€address€the€publicððs€commentsÐ  +T&)=÷ Ѐand€concerns€in€more€detail.€€The€series€drew€over€4000€people€and€generated€favorable€reviewÏfrom€industry.€€BXA€continues€to€respond€to€comments€and€suggestions€on€the€new€EAR€fromÏan€involved€exporting€community.€ÌÌÓ  Óò òThe€New€Export€Administration€Regulationsó óÐ `° ÐÓn ÓÌà  àThe€EAR€comprise€the€regulatory€regime€through€which€BXA€imposes€export€controls€onÏthose€commodities,€technology,€software,€and€activities€within€its€jurisdiction.€€Over€severalÏdecades,€the€EAR€had€been€amended€frequently€to€respond€quickly€to€the€various€nationalÏsecurity,€nonproliferation,€and€foreign€policy€concerns€of€the€United€States.€€However,€duringÏthis€time,€they€had€not€been€subjected€to€a€systematic€and€comprehensive€review.€€BXAÏrestructured€the€revised€EAR€to€make€them€consistent€and€easy€to€use.€€ÌÌà  àAimed€at€people€new€to€exporting,€the€new€EAR€use€"plain€English"€principles€and€haveÏa€streamlined€"decision€tree"€structure.€€All€license€requirements€are€consolidated€into€a€singleÏpart€near€the€beginning€of€the€EAR.€€The€previous€scattering€of€prohibitions€throughout€variousÏparts€essentially€forced€exporters€to€read€the€entire€body€of€regulations€from€cover€to€cover€inÏorder€to€determine€whether€or€not€a€license€was€required€for€a€particular€transaction.€€Not€onlyÏare€the€new€EAR€easier€to€negotiate,€they€provide€a€high€level€of€confidence€that€answers€foundÏare€in€fact€correct.€€Since€the€vast€majority€of€exports€do€not€require€a€license,€exporters€whoÏhave€minimal€controls€applicable€to€their€transactions€will€be€able€to€quickly€find€the€informationÏthey€need€and€disregard€the€sections€that€they€do€not€need.€€Others€will€be€able€to€determine€whatÏto€do€more€easily€with€a€Country€Chart€that€graphically€depicts€requirements.ÌÌÓ  Óò òExport€Control€Liberalizationsó óÐ Ð  ÐÓ¡ÓÌà  àIn€an€attempt€to€enhance€U.S.€competitiveness,€BXA€undertook€several€licensingÏliberalization€efforts€in€key€areas€that€benefit€U.S.€industry.€€OExS€played€a€lead€role€inÏdeveloping€and€drafting€these€rules.€€On€January€25,€1996,€BXA€published€in€the€FederalÏRegister€a€rule€to€implement€the€Presidentððs€October€6,€1995,€announcement€on€major€computerÏexport€control€reforms.€€This€rule€liberalizes€export€controls€on€all€computers,€and€establishesÏfour€tiers€of€computer€controls.€€In€addition,€this€rules€establishes€General€License€G„CTP,€whichÏfacilitates€the€liberalization€of€export€controls€of€computers.€€This€new€rule€provides€significantÏbenefit€to€the€international€competitiveness€of€the€U.S.€computer€industry€and€affects€anÏestimated€$10€billion€in€exports.€ÌÌà  àBXA€furthered€its€commitment€to€industry€by€publishing€an€interim€rule€amending€aÏnumber€of€Export€Control€Classification€Numbers€(ECCNs)€on€the€Commerce€Control€List€inÏorder€to€make€the€Nuclear€Referral€List€conform€more€closely€with€the€items€contained€in€theÏNuclear€Suppliers€Groups€(NSG)€Annex€published€by€the€International€Atomic€Energy€Agency,Ïâ âwhich€is€adhered€to€by€the€United€States€and€other€subscribing€governments€in€the€NSG.€€ThisÐ )à$( Ðrule€also€added€several€countries€eligible€to€receive€exports€under€General€License€G„NSG.€€AsÏpart€of€the€Regulation€Reform€effort,€G„NSG€was€incorporated€into€the€EAR€Country€Chart€inÏpart€738.€€Both€actions€have€simplified€the€licensing€process€for€U.S.€industry.Ìâ âÌà  àBXA€enhanced€the€flexibility€and€competitiveness€of€U.S.€international€marketingÏoperations€through€the€implementation€of€a€Special€Comprehensive€License€(SCL).€€The€SCLÏregulation€was€published€as€part€of€the€Regulation€Reform€effort€and€was€effective€March€25,Ï1996.€€This€license€allows€experienced€high€volume€exporters€to€export€virtually€all€items€on€theÏCommerce€Control€List€under€this€procedure.ÌÌÓ  Óò òCustomer€Service€Ð è 8  ÐÓ¬Óó óÌà  àIndustry€counseling€remains€an€essential€component€of€BXAððs€mission.€€Through€aÏvariety€of€outreach€programs,€BXA€promotes€an€understanding€of€U.S.€export€control€laws,€byÏenhancing€compliance€and€providing€assistance€in€navigating€the€regulatory€regime.€€TheseÏefforts€facilitate€U.S.€international€competitiveness.ÌÌà  àThe€Office€of€Exporter€Services€accomplishes€its€outreach€and€counseling€activityÏthrough€its€headquarters€in€Washington,€D.C.€and€its€Western€Regional€Office€(WRO)€inÏCalifornia,€the€state€ranked€2nd€in€1996€for€the€number€of€Fortune€500€companies.€€From€its€twoÏoffices,€the€WRO€assists€companies€located€throughout€the€Western€United€States.€€The€WROððsÏmain€office€is€located€in€Orange€County,€California,€with€a€branch€office€in€Santa€Clara,ÏCalifornia.€€These€two€offices€are€within€commuting€distance€of€29€of€the€50€fastest€growingÏtelecommunication€and€interactive€media€companies€in€the€United€States.€€This€organizationÏpermits€OExS€to€meet€the€needs€of€the€rapidly€expanding€exporting€community.€ÌÌòòRegulations€Roll„OutóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àTo€help€businesses€understand€and€adapt€to€the€dramatic€changes€in€the€EAR,€OExSÏdeveloped€and€conducted€numerous€training€sessions€throughout€the€country.€€Within€days€of€theÏpublication€of€the€new€regulations,€OExS€began€presenting€seminars€in€all€major€markets€andÏthousands€of€business€executives€attended€these€events.€€ÌÌà  àOExS€also€conducted€training€sessions€on€regulations€reform€for€our€colleagues€in€otherÏU.S.€Government€agencies.€€Specialized€training€in€Washington,€D.C.€was€provided€to€thoseÏagencies€that€contribute€their€expertise€to€the€export€control€system.€€These€agencies€include€theÏDepartments€of€Defense,€State,€and€Energy,€the€Arms€Control€and€Disarmament€Agency,€and€theÏNon„Proliferation€Center.€€OExS€also€provided€extensive€training€to€the€U.S.€Customs€ServiceÏfield€offices€via€satellite€and€provided€them€with€specialized€on„site€programs€in€high€volumeÏexport€areas.ÌÐ  )à$( ÐòòExport€Compliance€Seminar€Programóóò òÐ ° ÐÌó óà  àThe€Office€of€Exporter€Services€(OExS)€interacts€with€all€segments€of€the€privateÐ ˆØ Ðbusiness€community€regarding€export€control€issues€and€policies.€€An€important€aspect€of€thisÏactivity€is€the€cosponsoring€of€programs€throughout€the€United€States€with€a€variety€of€industryÏtrade€associations,€universities€and€colleges,€state€and€local€governments,€and€nonprofitÏinternational€business€related€organizations.€€Working€with€these€organizations€furthers€BXAððsÏgoal€of€maintaining€a€cooperative€relationship€with€industry.€€ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€OExS€conducted€68€export€compliance€seminars€with€over€5,700Ïparticipants.€€In€addition€to€the€programs€sponsored€by€BXA,€OExS€participated€in€over€175Ïinternational€trade„related€events€sponsored€by€numerous€public€and€private€sector€organizationsÏwhich€reached€over€18,000€business€representatives.€€This€is€the€largest€number€of€individualsÏthat€OExS€has€trained€in€its€history.€€ÌÌà  àOExS€also€helped€defense„dependent€firms€to€diversify€into€new€commercial€andÏinternational€markets€by€providing€financial,€technical,€and€regulatory€information€to€enhanceÏtheir€competitiveness.€€During€FY€1996,€the€Western€Regional€Office€conducted€a€series€of€18Ï"hands„on"€workshops€that€were€attended€by€over€760€participants€in€seven€western€states.€€WROÏrepresentatives€also€participated€in€another€26€conferences€providing€trade€competitivenessÏcounseling€to€4,942€attendees.ÌÌòòUpdate€1996óóÐ øH ÐÌà  àBXAððs€Update€1996€conference€attracted€the€largest€exporting€audience€in€over€fiveÏyears.€€With€over€850€participants,€the€program€provided€the€exporting€community€an€update€onÏall€export„€related€issues€and€events€of€the€past€year.€€This€annual€event€is€held€in€Washington,ÏD.C.€and€hosted€by€numerous€high„level€government€representatives.€ÌÌà  àThis€yearððs€program€was€highlighted€by€a€keynote€speech€by€Commerce€SecretaryÏMichael€Kantor.€€Commerce€Department€officials€and€representatives€from€the€interagencyÏcommunity€discussed€major€developments€in€export€control€policy,€including€the€newly€releasedÏExport€Administration€Regulations,€export€control€liberalizations,€technical€data€and€softwareÏcontrols,€and€other€relevant€issues€relating€to€export€control€requirements.ÌÌòòOne„on„one€CounselingóóÐ ô$D # ÐÌà  àTo€complement€its€seminar€program,€OExS€regulatory€specialists€in€Washington,€D.C.Ïand€in€OExS€field€offices€provide€extensive,€one„on„one€counseling€to€the€exporting€community.€ÏAs€in€past€years,€counselors€provided€accurate€and€in„depth€responses€on€a€wide€range€of€exportÏcontrol€and€licensing€issues€of€interest€to€the€exporting€community.€€This€yearððs€completion€ofÏthe€proposed€rewrite€of€the€Regulations€brought€an€increase€in€correspondence€and€telephoneÏcalls€to€OExS.€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àThrough€OExS,€BXA€advises€industry€on€a€broad€range€of€export€control€issues,Ïincluding€export€licensing€requirements€to€ship€high€technology€products,€documentationÏrequirements€for€export€transactions,€and€special€country€policy€concerns.€€Counselors€act€as€anÏintermediary€between€exporters€and€licensing€officials€by€forwarding€relevant€case„specificÏinformation€to€the€licensing€officers,€and€arranging€meetings€with€licensing€officers€and€industryÏrepresentatives€as€necessary.€€In€addition,€OExS€provides€referrals€to€other€trade€organizationsÏwhich€offer€assistance€with€other€export€related€issues€such€as€trade€finance€and€marketing.€ÏDuring€FY€1996,€OExS€responded€to€173,000€inquiries€regarding€BXA€policy€and€licensingÏissues,€and€received€1,268€visitors.€Ìà  àÌà  àAs€part€of€the€BXA€and€industry€cooperative€effort,€OExS€authorizes€emergencyÏprocessing€through€the€licensing€system€on€export€applications€which€meet€specific€criteria.€€IfÏapproved,€verbal€authorization€to€ship€is€given€to€the€exporter€followed€by€issuance€of€a€license.€ÏThese€cases€are€often€approved€within€a€few€hours€of€receipt€of€the€application.€€In€FY€1996,ÏOExS€granted€emergency€processing€to€37€cases,€representing€$41€million€in€authorized€exports.€€ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€OExS€continued€its€customer€service€initiatives€through€the€distribution€ofÏbrochures€and€export€control„related€publications.€€This€year,€OExS€published€two€ð ðhow„toððÏdocuments€to€assist€exporters€entitled€the€"Procedures€for€Obtaining€an€Export€ControlÏClassification€Number"€and€"Helpful€Hints€for€Completing€the€Multipurpose€Application€FormÏBXA„748P".ÌÌà  àAs€an€additional€service€to€industry,€OExS€maintains€export€control€material€inÏinformation€libraries€in€Washington,€D.C.€and€Orange€County,€California.€€Information€andÏpublications€on€exporting,€marketing,€Denied€Persons€List,€and€seminar€schedules,€as€well€asÏcounseling€services,€are€among€the€many€types€of€export€control€and€marketing€informationÏavailable.€€OExS€also€ensures€that€this€information€is€made€available€to€various€regionalÏgovernment€trade€offices.Ì€€€ÌòòExpanded€Automation€ServicesÐ l¼ ÐóóÌà  àThrough€its€automation€efforts,€OExS€dramatically€enhanced€its€customer€serviceÏcapabilities.€€OExS's€"Fax„on„Demand"€system,€which€enables€exporters€to€access€usefulÏinformation€by€facsimile€24€hours€a€day,€was€expanded€significantly€this€year.€€The€system€nowÏprovides€over€80€documents,€covering€such€areas€as€recent€regulatory€changes,€upcomingÏworkshops,€useful€points€of€contact,€and€a€wide€variety€of€other€competitiveness€and€trade„¼related€information.€€Over€2,500€faxes€per€month€are€sent€to€our€customers€by€this€system.€ÌÌà  àOExS€also€expanded€its€free€broadcast€subscription€services€this€year€with€its€broadcastÏE„mail€system,€"netFacts".€€This€system€complements€our€longstanding€facsimile€service,€"FastÏFacts."€€Together,€these€two€systems€provide€regular€and€timely€updates€to€subscribers€onÏregulatory€and€policy€changes,€upcoming€workshops€and€other€items€of€interest.€€Roughly€3,000Ïorganizations€currently€subscribe€to€these€broadcast€services.Ð h+¸&* ЇÓ  Óò òLicense€Reviewó óÐ ° ÐÓý;ÓÌà  àOn€December€6,€1995,€the€President€issued€Executive€Order€12981€(EO€12981)€relatingÏto€the€licensing€process€for€dual„use€items.€€The€purpose€of€the€Executive€Order€was€to€provideÏbetter€discipline€to€the€licensing€process€as€committed€to€by€the€Trade€Promotion€CoordinatingÏCommittee.€€EO€12981€expands€the€scope€of€interagency€review€and€at€the€same€time€reduces€theÏtime€permitted€to€process€license€applications.€€Under€EO€12981,€new€authority€is€granted€to€theÏDepartments€of€State,€Defense,€and€Energy,€and€the€Arms€Control€and€Disarmament€agency€toÏreview€any€export€license€application.€€The€Executive€Order€permits€agencies€to€informÏCommerce€as€to€the€specific€types€of€applications€that€they€do€òònotóó€wish€to€review.€€AgenciesÐ ü L  Ðare€required€to€state€a€statutory€or€regulatory€basis€for€their€denial€recommendations.ÌOExS€developed€and€coordinated€procedures€for€EAððs€implementation€of€the€new€processingÏtime€frames.€€Agencies€implemented€the€Executive€Order€on€February€3,€1996.ÌÌà  àBXA€ensures€that€export€license€applications€are€analyzed€and€acted€upon€accurately,Ïquickly,€and€consistently,€and€that€exporters€have€access€to€the€decision„making€process,€withÏcurrent€status€reports€available€at€all€times.€€Rapid€processing€is€available€for€the€majority€ofÏapplications€BXA€receives.€€Authorization€to€ship€and€current€status€are€available€through€theÏcomputerized€voice€response€system,€STELA€(System€for€Tracking€Export€LicenseÏApplications).ÌÌà  àBXA€carefully€analyzes€each€export€license€application€it€receives.€€All€applications€areÏreviewed€for€the€reliability€of€the€exporter€and€end€user,€the€level€of€technology,€and€theÏappropriateness€of€the€items€to€the€stated€end€use.€€In€addition,€the€FY€1991€implementation€ofÏthe€Enhanced€Proliferation€Control€Initiative€(EPCI)€continues€to€place€increasing€emphasis€onÏreviewing€applications€for€countries,€regions,€and€projects€of€proliferation€concern€related€toÏnuclear,€chemical€and€biological€weapon,€and€missile€technology€development€areas.€€UponÏcompletion€of€this€analysis,€BXA€either€approves,€denies,€or€returns€a€license€application€withoutÏaction€(RWA).€Individual€licenses€are€valid€for€two€years.ÌÌÓ  Óò òExport€License€ProcessingÐ X ¨ ÐÓEÓó óÌà  àDramatic€licensing€liberalizations€implemented€following€the€September€30,€1993,Ïrelease€of€the€Trade€Promotion€Coordinating€Committeeððs€(TPCC)€report€to€Congress€onÏdeveloping€a€ð ðNational€Export€Strategyðð€greatly€reduced€licensing€activity€in€the€past€three€fiscalÏyears.€€For€instance,€the€number€of€applications€for€individual€licenses€has€been€reduced€by€moreÏthan€65€percent€between€FY€1993€and€FY€1996.€€During€FY€1996,€8,705€applications€wereÏreceived.€€In€contrast,€in€FY€1995,€BXA€received€9,982€applications,€which€in€turn€was€an€overÏ20€percent€reduction€from€the€12,609€applications€BXA€received€in€1994.ÌÌÌâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àBy€the€end€of€FY€1996,€BXA€acted€upon€8,695€applications€(including€cases€that€wereÏâ âpending€from€FY€1995),€approving€7,102€individual€licenses,€returning€1,337€without€action€andÏdenying€256.€€(See€Table€II.€1„1).€€At€the€end€of€FY€1996€there€were€934€applications€stillÏpending.€€All€actions€represent€a€reduction€in€the€number€of€cases€processed.ÌÌà  àDue€to€the€1994€and€1995€liberalization€for€computers,€this€commodity€group€has€beenÏreplaced€by€shotguns€as€being€the€most€significant€commodity€group€for€which€export€licenseÏapplications€were€received€in€FY€1996.€€From€FY€1994€to€FY€1995,€the€number€of€incomingÏexport€license€applications€for€computers€in€Category€4€decreased€by€approximately€69%.€€ThisÏcommodity€group€experienced€an€equally€significant€drop€in€FY€1996€by€approximately€45%.Ì€Ìà  àBXA€experienced€decreases€in€license€applications€in€all€the€Country€Groups€during€FYÏ1996,€the€highest€being€an€approximate€30%€decrease€in€licenses€received€for€exports€to€formerÏCOCOM€countries.€€This€decrease€in€license€applications€is€based€on€recent€liberalizations€andÏincreased€eligibility€for€general€licenses€and€license€exceptions.€ÌÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€BXA€continued€to€concentrate€on€reducing€the€number€of€applicationsÏpending€past€statutory€deadlines.€€By€the€end€of€FY€1996,€only€49€applications€were€still€pendingÏover€the€statutory€deadlines.€€This€is€a€significant€decrease€compared€to€FY€1995€when€theÏnumber€of€applications€still€pending€past€the€statutory€deadline€was€82.ÌÌà  àPrior€to€implementation€of€Executive€Order€12981,€the€average€processing€time€forÏapplications€during€FY€1996€that€did€not€require€referral€to€another€agency€increased€to€16€days,Ïfrom€12€days€in€FY€1995.€€The€average€processing€time€for€applications€requiring€referral€was€47Ïdays,€an€increase€from€41€in€FY€1995.€€After€implementation€of€EO€12981,€the€averageÏprocessing€time€for€applications€that€did€not€require€referral€to€another€agency€was€nine€days,€andÏthe€average€processing€time€for€applications€requiring€referral€was€30€days.€€During€the€secondÏand€third€quarters€of€FY€1996,€91€percent€of€all€applications€required€interagency€referral.€ÏOverall,€average€processing€times€increased€from€30€days€in€FY€1995€to€33€days€in€FY€1996.€ÏThis€increase€in€processing€time€can€be€attributed€to€the€backlog€of€cases€that€developed€duringÏthe€government€furlough€and€the€increased€percentage€of€cases€referred€to€other€agencies.ÌÌò òà@ÐÐìàLicense€Referral€ProcessˆÐ 0"€  Ðó óÌà  àThe€Department€of€Commerce,€both€by€law€and€practice,€refers€certain€applications,Ïbased€on€the€level€of€technology,€the€appropriateness€of€the€items€for€the€stated€end€use,€and€theÏcountry€of€destination,€to€other€agencies€for€review€and€recommendation.€€The€principal€referralÏagencies€are€the€Department€of€Defense,€the€Department€of€Energy,€the€Department€of€State€andÏthe€Arms€Control€and€Disarmament€Agency€(ACDA).€€ACDA€has€increased€its€role€in€theÏlicense€review€process€with€the€implementation€of€Executive€Order€12981.ÌÌâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àDuring€the€first€few€months€of€FY€1996€(prior€to€Executive€Order€12981),€the€interagencyÏâ âlicense€review€and€escalation€procedure€was€governed€by€guidelines€established€by€a€PresidentialÏDirective€in€December€1990.€€Contentious€export€license€applications€were€referred€to€variousÏworking„level€interagency€groups€for€resolution,€under€agreed€procedures.€€Agencies€representedÏat€the€working€level€were€the€Departments€of€Commerce,€Defense,€Energy€and€State.€ÌÌà  àCommerce€chairs€the€interagency€Operating€Committee€(OC),€which€reviews€casesÏinvolving€national€security€and€certain€foreign€policy€controlled€items.€€The€Department€of€StateÏchairs€the€Subgroup€on€Nuclear€Export€Coordination€(SNEC),€the€Missile€Technology€ExportÏControl€group€(MTEC)€and€the€Chemical€and€Biological€Weapons€Control€group€(SHIELD).€ÏThese€groups€review€cases€subject€to€nuclear€nonproliferation,€missile€technology,€andÏchemical/biological€weapons€controls,€respectively.ÌÌà  àIf€the€reviewing€agencies€do€not€reach€consensus€on€an€application€at€the€working€level,Ïthe€application€is€escalated€to€the€Advisory€Committee€on€Export€Policy€(ACEP).€€This€AssistantÏSecretary„level€body€is€chaired€by€Commerce€with€its€principal€members€coming€from€theÏagencies€listed€above.€€If€a€dispute€remains€unresolved€at€this€level,€the€decision€can€be€furtherÏescalated€to€the€Export€Administration€Review€Board€(EARB),€a€Cabinet„level€group€chaired€byÏthe€Secretary€of€Commerce€with€the€Secretaries€of€Defense,€and€State€as€the€other€statutoryÏmembers.€€The€Chair€of€the€Joint€Chiefs€of€Staff€and€the€Director€of€Central€Intelligence€haveÏnon„voting€rights€as€members€of€the€Board.€€If€a€participating€agency€disagrees€with€theÏrecommendation€of€the€EARB,€it€can€escalate€the€decision€to€the€President.ÌÌà  àUnder€Executive€Order€12981,€applications€that€are€in€dispute€among€the€agencies€areÏreferred€to€the€OC.€€Export€license€applications€are€no€longer€referred€to€the€working€groupsÏ(SNEC,€MTEC€and€SHIELD).€€These€working„level€interagency€groups€remain€a€part€of€theÏlicensing€process€in€a€consultative€basis.€€With€the€Executive€Order€implementation,€the€role€ofÏthe€OC€was€expanded€to€include€the€review€of€all€license€applications€for€which€reviewingÏdepartments€and€agencies€are€not€in€agreement.€€The€Commerce€Chair€considers€theÏrecommendations€of€the€reviewing€agencies€and€informs€these€entities€of€the€Chairððs€decisionÏwithin€14€days€after€receipt€of€the€agency€recommendations.€€Agency€recommendations€areÏrequired€to€be€submitted€within€30€days€of€receipt€of€the€original€referral€from€Commerce.€€AnyÏreviewing€agency€may€appeal€the€decision€of€the€Chair€of€the€OC€to€the€Chair€of€the€AdvisoryÏCommittee€on€Export€Policy€(ACEP).€€In€the€absence€of€a€timely€appeal,€the€Chairððs€decisionÏwill€be€final.ÌÌà  àIf€any€agency€disagrees€with€a€licensing€determination€of€the€Department€of€CommerceÏmade€through€the€OC,€it€may€appeal€the€matter€to€the€ACEP€for€resolution.€€An€agency€mustÏappeal€a€matter€within€5€days€of€the€OCððs€final€decision.€€Appeals€must€be€in€writing€from€anÏofficial€appointed€by€the€President€with€consent€of€the€Senate,€or€an€officer€properly€acting€inÏsuch€capacity,€and€must€cite€both€the€statutory€and€regulatory€bases€for€the€appeal.€€Decisions€ofÏthe€ACEP€are€based€on€a€majority€vote.€€Any€dissenting€agency€may€appeal€the€decision€byÏsubmitting€a€letter€from€the€head€of€the€agency€to€the€Secretary€of€Commerce,€in€his€role€as€ChairÐ h+¸&* Ðof€the€Export€Administration€Review€Board€(EARB),€and€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€will€thenÏcall€a€meeting€to€consider€the€license€application.€€In€the€absence€of€a€timely€appeal,€the€majorityÏvote€decision€of€the€ACEP€shall€be€final.ÌÌà  àExport€applications€considered€by€the€EARB€are€resolved€by€a€majority€vote€decision.€ÏAny€agency€may€appeal€this€decision€to€the€President.€€In€the€absence€of€a€timely€appeal,€theÏmajority€vote€decision€of€the€EARB€shall€be€final.€ÌÌà  àExecutive€Order€12981€reduces€the€time€permitted€to€process€license€applications.€€NoÏlater€then€90€calendar€days€after€it€is€submitted,€a€complete€license€application€will€either€beÏfinally€disposed€of€or€escalated€to€the€President€for€decision.€€Prior€to€Executive€Order€12981Ïimplementation,€statutory€authority€required€all€license€applications€to€be€resolved€within€120Ïdays€after€an€application€was€submitted.ÌÌÓ  Óò òCommodity€Jurisdiction€Processó óÐ ˜è  ÐÓŠeÓÌà  àThe€Administration€achieved€its€goal€of€developing€an€efficient€and€transparent€process€toÏresolve€disputes€by€implementing€a€new€Commodity€Jurisdiction€(CJ)€process.€€The€proceduresÏto€implement€this€process€are€intended€to€improve€interagency€coordination€€with€regard€toÏcommodity€jurisdiction€and€commodity€classification€requests.€€New€procedures,€based€on€anÏinteragency€agreement€between€the€Departments€of€Commerce,€State,€and€Defense,€wereÏimplemented€on€May€15,€1996.€ÌÌà  àThe€Department€of€Commerce€will€share€with€the€Departments€of€State€and€Defense€allÏcommodity€classification€requests€and€license€requests€for€items/technologies€specificallyÏdesigned,€developed,€configured,€adapted€and€modified€for€a€military€application,€or€derivedÏfrom€items/technologies€specifically€designed,€developed,€configured,€adapted€or€modified€for€aÏmilitary€application.€€The€Department€of€State€will€share€with€Commerce€all€applications€forÏmunitions€licenses€for€items/technologies€not€specifically€designed,€developed,€configured,Ïadapted€and€modified€for€a€military€application,€or€not€derived€from€items/technologiesÏspecifically€designed,€developed,€configured,€adapted€or€modified€for€a€military€application.€ÏCommerce,€State€and€Defense€may€refer€any€of€the€classification€requests€or€munitions€licenseÏapplications€for€€commodity€jurisdiction€determinations€within€two€working€days€of€receipt.€ÏSilence€will€be€deemed€to€be€consent€at€the€end€of€those€two€working€days€and€the€originatingÏagency€may€proceed€with€the€processing€of€a€final€and€binding€commodity€classification€orÏmunitions€license€in€accordance€with€its€own€regulations,€practices€and€policies.ÌÌà  àCommodity€classifications€and€munitions€license€applications€referred€to€the€CJ€process,Ïas€well€as€any€CJ€requests,€have€a€95€calendar€day€cumulative€time€line€for€resolution€of€anyÏconflict.€€The€guidelines€for€resolution€begin€with€referral€of€CJ€applications€by€the€StateÏDepartmentððs€Defense€Trade€Controls€(DTC)to€other€agencies€within€five€days.€€Departments€areÏrequired€to€submit€recommendations€to€DTC€within€five€days€and€may€request€ten€additionalÏdays€to€submit€recommendations€for€extraordinary€cases.€€The€Director€of€DTC€makes€a€finalÐ h+¸&* Ðdecision€within€five€days€of€receipt€of€such€recommendations.€€If€the€decision€is€disputed€byÏanother€agency€the€decision€must€be€escalated€within€five€days€and€reviewed€for€up€to€ten€daysÏby€an€Assistant€Secretary.€The€matter€may€be€further€escalated€to€the€Cabinet€level,€withÏauthority€to€escalate€the€decision€to€the€President.€€The€exporter€will€be€notified€and€may€thenÏappeal€that€determination.ÌÓ  Óò òÌElectronic€Licensingó óÐ 8 ˆ ÐÓWpÓÌà  àBXA€continues€to€upgrade€and€expand€its€electronic€licensing€process€to€provide€promptÏcustomer€service.€€This€year,€BXA€introduced€the€License€Application€Scanning€SystemÏ(LASSie)€which€is€a€PC„based€forms€processing€and€image€management€system.€€To€ensureÏcompatibility€with€LASSie,€BXA€revised€the€export€application€form.€€The€new€748PÏMultipurpose€Application€Form€can€be€used€to€apply€for€an€export€license€or€a€classificationÏrequest.€€In€FY€l996,€BXA€processed€70%€of€the€submitted€applications€for€all€destinations€onÏLASSie.€€The€remaining€30%€of€all€applications€received€in€FY€1996€were€submittedÏelectronically€using€the€Export€License€Application€and€Information€Network€(ELAIN).€€ForÏboth€LASSie€and€ELAIN,€technical€specifications,€import€certificates,€and€other€documents€areÏsubmitted€by€telefax€or€express€mail.€ÌÌà  àBXA€is€currently€updating€the€Multipurpose€Application€Records€&€Retrieval€SystemÏ(MARRs)€as€the€replacement€for€the€current€microfiche€system.€€MARRs€is€a€PC„based€formsÏand€image€management€system.€€The€automated€data€base€will€provide€an€electronic€image€of€allÏexport€and€classification€requests€and€supporting€documentation€whether€submitted€manually€orÏelectronically.€€The€database€will€be€accessible€to€all€BXA€personnel€with€export€licensing€dutiesÏand€to€any€U.S.€Government€Agency€to€which€export€requests€are€referred.€€It€will€be€capable€ofÏaccepting€exporter€transmissions€of€various€digitized€media€and€will€also€allow€immediate€accessÏfor€retrieval€of€all€data€existing€within€the€data€base.€ÌÌÓ  Óò òSpecial€Licensing€Proceduresó óÐ €Ð ÐÓÃvÓÌòòSpecial€Comprehensive€LicenseóóÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àIn€an€effort€to€respond€to€concerns€from€high„tech€businesses,€BXA€removed€regulatoryÏobstacles€and€streamlined€the€Special€License€procedure€outlined€in€the€EAR€to€offer€a€newÏlicensing€option€titled€the€Special€Comprehensive€License€(SCL).€€The€new€SpecialÏComprehensive€License€(SCL)€replaces€and€consolidates€all€of€the€separate€Special€Licenses.€ÏThe€SCL€became€effective€through€Federal€Register€Notice,€Vol.€61,€No.€58,€dated€March€25,Ï1996.€€This€SCL€allows€for€expanded€commodities€and€destinations€and€permits€companies€toÏperform€all€existing€export/reexport€activities€under€one€license€authorization.ÌÌà  àBy€creating€this€new€license,€BXA€has€provided€more€flexibility€that€allows€a€company€toÏtailor€a€license€to€its€individual€needs.€€The€SCL€is€available€to€experienced€exporters€that€areÏreliable€and€have€a€strong€corporate€commitment€to€the€development€and€maintenance€of€anÐ h+¸&* ÐInternal€Control€Program€(ICP).€€This€new€license€expands€the€ICP€to€cover€export€activities€notÏpreviously€performed€under€the€Special€Licensing€Procedures.€€Unlike€Special€Licenses,€the€SCLÏwas€automated€to€provide€exporters€the€ability€to€submit€applications€electronically,€similar€toÏother€license€submissions.€€ÌÌà  àBefore€implementation€of€the€SCL€through€the€Regulation€Reform€effort,€there€were€sixÏseparate€types€of€Special€License€procedures:€(1)€Project€License;€(2)€Distribution€License;€(3)ÏService€Supply€Procedure;€(4)€Humanitarian€License;€(5)€Aircraft€and€Vessel€Repair€StationÏProcedure;€and€(6)€Special€Chemical€License.€€The€following€is€a€description€of€each€type€ofÏlicense€procedure:ÌÌòòProject€LicenseÐ Ô$  ÐóóÌà  àThe€Project€License€(PL)€authorizes€large€scale€exports€of€a€wide€variety€of€commoditiesÏand€technical€data€for€specified€activities.€€Those€activities€can€include€capital€expansion,Ïmaintenance,€repair€or€operating€supplies,€or€the€supply€of€materials€to€be€used€in€the€productionÏof€other€commodities€for€sale.€€The€typical€users€of€the€PL€are€firms€wishing€to€establish€offshoreÏmanufacturing€facilities€or€firms€that€wish€to€supply€maintenance,€repair,€and€operating€suppliesÏto€serve€an€existing€facility€such€as€an€airline.Ì€à  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÐ 4„ ÐòòDistribution€LicensesÐ  p ÐóóÌà  àThe€Distribution€License€(DL)€authorizes€U.S.€companies€to€make€multiple€exports€andÏreexports€of€certain€controlled€commodities€to€pre„approved€consignees€located€in€most€countriesÌin€Country€Groups€T€and€V,€except€Iran,€Jordan,€Lebanon,€Syria,€and€the€People's€Republic€ofÏChina.€€DL€consignees,€whether€resellers€(e.g.,€distributors)€or€end„users€(e.g.,€manufacturers)Ïmay€be€affiliated€or€unaffiliated€with€the€DL€holder.€€Only€firms€that€demonstrate€a€thoroughÏknowledge€of€the€EAR€and€strictly€adhere€to€the€DL€requirements€are€granted€this€privilege.€€ÌÌà  àAn€Internal€Control€Program€(ICP)€is€a€mandatory€requirement€of€the€DL€and€is€craftedÏby€each€DL€participant€to€ensure€that€its€export€procedures€comply€with€the€requirements€of€theÏDL€and€the€EAR.€€Broadly€speaking,€the€15€elements€of€the€ICP€can€be€summarized€under€theÏheadings€of:€(1)€Customer€Screening€(i.e.,€EPCI,€Denied€Persons€List,€Diversion€Risk€Profile,Ïand€Product/Country);€(2)€Auditing;€(3)€Training;€and€(4)€Administrative,€(e.g.€CorporateÏcommitment€to€EAR€compliance).€€BXA€has€assisted€exporters€and€consignees€which€participateÏin€this€procedure€to€develop€and€refine€their€internal€control€programs.€€The€DL€Internal€ControlÏProgram€has€been€the€standard€for€use€by€multinational€companies€worldwide€since€itsÏimplementation€in€1985.€€€€€ÌÌòòÌÌÌÐ h+¸&* ÐService€Supply€License€Procedureóó€€Ð ° Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€Ìà  àThe€Service€Supply€Procedure,€which€encompasses€both€the€Service€Supply€License€andÏforeign„based€Service€Facility,€enables€persons€or€firms€in€the€United€States€and€abroad€toÏprovide€prompt€service€for€equipment:€(1)€exported€from€the€United€States;€(2)€produced€abroadÏby€a€subsidiary,€affiliate€or€branch€of€the€U.S.€firm;€or€(3)€produced€abroad€by€a€manufacturerÏwho€uses€parts€imported€from€the€United€States€in€the€manufactured€product.€€The€ServiceÏSupply€Procedure€permits€the€export€and€reexport€of€spare€and€replacement€parts€to€customers€inÏmost€countries€in€Country€Groups€T€and€V,€and€under€certain€conditions,€the€export€and€reexportÏof€replacement€parts€(but€not€spare€parts)€to€customers€in€Country€Groups€Q,€W,€and€Y.€ÌÌòòHumanitarian€LicenseóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€Humanitarian€License€(HL)€authorizes€exports€of€donated€goods€to€meet€basicÏhuman€needs.€€The€exporter€should€have€experience€in€this€field€and€may€not€charge€recipientsÏfor€the€exported€products.€€Further,€firms€must€have€a€monitoring€system€that€ensure€goods€reachÏthe€intended€beneficiaries.€ÌÌà  àThis€procedure€was€abolished€upon€publication€of€the€revised€regulations€on€March€25,Ï1996.€License€Exception€NEED€was€created€to€cover€most€export€transactions€for€donated€goodsÏto€meet€basic€human€needs.€ÌÌòòThe€Aircraft€and€Vessel€Repair€Stationó󀀀РøH ÐÌà  àThe€Aircraft€and€Vessel€Repair€Station€Procedure€is€an€alternative€method€of€supplyingÏan€end„use€document€that€would€otherwise€be€required€to€support€an€application€for€an€individualÏlicense.€€Parts€exported€under€the€license€must€be€for€installation€on€the€aircraft€or€vessel.€€NoÏreexports€of€the€uninstalled€parts€by€the€Repair€Station€are€authorized.€€This€procedure€wasÏabolished€upon€publication€in€of€the€revised€regulations€on€March€25,€1996,€due€to€the€decontrolÏof€commodities€associated€with€the€airline€industry.€€In€most€instances,€other€commodities€thatÏwere€not€decontrolled€are€controlled€for€missile€technology€reasons€and€must€be€exported€underÏan€individual€license.€ÌÌòòSpecial€Chemical€LicenseóóÐ #l! ÐÌà  àThe€Special€Chemical€License€authorizes€exports€of€certain€controlled€chemicals€andÏchemical€and€biological€equipment€to€all€destinations€except€Country€Groups€S€and€Z,€Iran,€Iraq,Ïand€Syria.€€This€procedure€is€intended€to€assist€those€firms€that€ship€significant€amounts€of€theseÏcommodities€by€removing€the€requirement€for€applying€for€numerous€individual€licenses.€€OnlyÏreliable€firms€that€can€demonstrate€the€ability€to€adhere€to€the€EAR€and€the€Special€Chemical€ÌÌâ âÐ |*Ì%) ÐLicense€requirements€may€participate,€and€eligibility€is€further€restricted€to€consignees€that€areÏâ âsubsidiaries,€affiliates,€or€unaffiliated€firms€which€are€the€actual€end„users€of€the€commodities.€ÏThere€is€a€general€prohibition€on€resale,€transfer,€and€reexport€of€commodities€received€underÏthis€procedure€without€prior€written€authorization€from€BXA.€€€ÌÌòòUSG„Agency€International€Cooperative€LicensesÐ L œ ÐóóÌà  àIn€1993,€a€license€was€developed€to€assist€a€U.S.€Government€Agency€in€meeting€itsÏmission€and€activities€under€the€Nunn„Lugar€Program€for€the€dismantlement€of€weapons€of€massÏdestruction€in€Belarus,€Kazakhstan,€Russia,€and€the€Ukraine€under€the€Cooperative€ThreatÏReduction€Program€(CTRP).€€ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€OEXS€approved€11€requests€to€multiple€consignees€for€the€shipment€of€itemsÏneeded€to€support€the€various€projects€involved€under€the€CTRP.€€Some€of€these€projects€involveÏassistance€in€export€control€development,€defense€conversion,€accountability,€control,€andÏprotection€systems€for€nuclear€material,€the€dismantlement€of€nuclear€weapons€and€destruction€ofÏstrategic€nuclear€vehicles,€and€rail€transport€of€nuclear€weapons.€€€€ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€a€license€was€developed€to€assist€a€U.S.€Government€Agency€in€fulfilling€theÏU.S.€partnership€role€in€the€international€Space€Station€Program.€€The€license€authorizes€exportsÏof€items€that€are€part€of€bilateral€agreements€between€the€U.S.€and€foreign€government€spaceÏagencies.ÌÌòòEvaluation€of€Special€LicensingóóÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àOriginally,€Special€Licenses€were€established€for€exporters€who€routinely€make€highÏvolume€shipments€of€pre„approved€items€to€pre„approved€destinations€and€end€uses/users.€€TheseÏprocedures€were€established€to€help€U.S.€firms€remain€competitive€in€the€global€market€place€byÏallowing€special€licenses€in€lieu€of€submitting€individual€applications.€€By€approving€theseÏlicense€paperwork€burden€on€exporters/reexporters,€improving€U.S.€competitiveness€in€the€globalÏmarket€by€allowing€more€flexibility,€and€improving€delivery€times€by€not€having€to€wait€forÏindividual€license€approvals€from€BXA.ÌÌà  àExporters€can€now€receive€most€of€these€same€benefits€through€the€increased€availabilityÏof€general€license€and€commodity€decontrols,€rather€than€seeking€Special€Licensing€authority.€ÏThe€number€of€Special€Licenses€has€continued€to€decline€in€FY€1996€in€direct€proportion€to€theseÏdecontrols€and€general€license€availability.€€The€most€significant€impact€on€Special€LicensesÏduring€this€period€was€the€October€6,€1995,€Presidential€announcement€to€reform€computerÏexport€controls.€€Since€the€majority€of€Distribution€License€Holders€have€been€computer€relatedÏcompanies,€the€changes€made€to€computer€export€controls,€as€found€in€Federal€Register€Notice,Ïâ âVol.61,€No.€17,€dated€January€25,€1996,€essentially€eliminated€the€need€for€a€Special€License€for€Ð )à$( Ðthese€types€of€companies.€€Exporters€can€now€use€General€License€G„CTP€for€the€export/reexportÏof€higher€level€computers.€€A€breakdown€of€the€total€number€of€current€Special€License€holdersÏfor€FY€1996€are€identified€below.Ìâ âÌà  àà ` àDistribution€Licenseà h àà À àà  à27Ð `° Ðà  àà ` àProject€Licenseà h àà À àà  à24Ð L œ Ðà  àà ` àService€Supplyà h àà À àà  à€7Ð 8 ˆ Ðà  àà ` àService€Facilityà h àà À àà  à24Ð $ t Ðà  àà ` àSpecial€Chemicalà h àà À àà  à€1Ð  ` Ðà  àà ` àHumanitarianà  àà h àà À àà  à€0Ð ü L  Ðà  àà ` àAircraft/Vessel€Repairà À àà  à€0Ð è 8  Ðà  àà ` àSpecial€Intl.€Licenseà h àà À àà  à€2Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àà ` àTotalà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à85Ð ¬ü  ÐÌòòTransitionóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àAll€current€Special€Licenses€(i.e,€Distribution,€Project,€Service€Supply€&€Facility,€SpecialÏChemical)€will€expire€on€March€31,€1997.€€OExS€has€contacted€each€current€Special€LicenseÏholder€to€offer€counseling€to€those€who€are€still€in€the€process€of€analyzing€the€benefits€of€theÏnew€SCL.€€During€FY€1996,€OExS€completed€seven€pre„application€consultations€with€SCLÏapplicants€to€determine€eligibility€under€a€SCL.€€OExS€reviewed€other€written€advisory€requestsÏby€firms€to€determine€eligibility€under€the€SCL.€ÌÌà  àIn€addition€to€working€through€the€transition€period€of€the€new€license,€OExS€counselsÏexporters€on€the€establishment€of€Internal€Control€Programs€(ICP).€€Current€Distribution€LicenseÏholders€already€have€Internal€Control€Programs€that€can€be€adapted€to€the€new€SCL.€€EvenÏthough€the€other€types€of€SL€holders€do€not€require€ICPs,€OExS€continues€working€with€firms€toÏcustomize€ICPs€to€unique€exporter€activities.€ÌÌÓ  ÓòòSystems€ReviewsóóÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àSection€4€of€the€EAA€requires€the€Secretary€to€conduct€periodic€reviews€of€all€active€SpecialÏLicenses.€€The€purpose€of€these€reviews€is€to€evaluate€the€adequacy€of€the€mandatory€ICPÏimplemented€by€SL€holders€and€consignees,€to€ensure€compliance€with€the€EAR,€and€to€provideÏnecessary€education€and€guidance€to€the€SL€holders€and€consignees.€€Reviews€are€conducted€byÏexport€compliance€specialists€located€in€the€OExSðð,€Special€Licensing€and€Compliance€DivisionÏ(SLCD)€in€Washington,€D.C.€ÌÌà  àFurthering€BXAððs€customer€service€objectives€during€FY€1996,€OExS€revised€and€updatedÏthe€Special€Comprehensive€License€(SCL)€Internal€Control€Program€(ICP)€Guidelines,€SCL€Holder€Ìâ âReview€Module,€SCL€Holder€and€Consignee€Systems€Reviews€Questionnaires,€and€other€SL€related€Ð |*Ì%) Ðmaterial.€€During€these€revisions,€an€appendix€was€created€to€the€SCL€ICP€Guidelines€that€providesÏâ âguidance€to€participants€on€the€development€of€the€ICP€based€on€their€specific€activities€under€theÏSCL.ÌÌà  àOExS€also€revised€and€updated€the€Export€Management€Systems€(EMS)€Guidelines.€€InÏaccordance€with€the€Enhanced€Proliferation€Control€Initiative€(EPCI)€provisions,€the€80„pageÏpamphlet€includes€a€description€of€how€an€exporter€of€decontrolled€or€license€exception€eligibleÏcommodities€can€set€up€screening€procedures,€similar€to€those€required€under€the€SCL€program,€toÏhelp€ensure€that€sales€are€not€made€to€entities€involved€with€the€design,€development,€production,Ïstockpiling€or€use€of€weapons€of€mass€destruction.€€Sales€to€these€entities€in€specified€countries€areÏprohibited€even€under€general€license.€€The€EMS€Guidelines€are€based€in€part€on€the€experienceÏgained€by€OExS€in€conducting€over€a€thousand€on„site€€systems€reviews.€€All€of€these€publicationsÏare€available€to€the€public.€€In€the€future,€BXA€will€offer€the€ICP€and€EMS€Guidelines€on€BXA'sÏInternet€Website.€€During€July€and€August,€1996,€BXA€distributed€over€800€copies€of€the€revisedÏand€updated€SCL€ICP€and€the€EMS€Guidelines.ÌÐ  „Ô  ÐÌà0  àà ° àà@  ì(#(#àTable€II„1.3€€Summary€of€Systems€ReviewsˆÌÌ_________________________________________________________________ÌFiscal€Year€1984„88€1989€1990€1991€1992€1993€1994€1995€1996€TotalÌ_________________________________________________________________ÌSpecial€Licensing€and€Compliance€Division€(SLCD)ÌÌ€€Domestic:€€€282€€€€69€€€42€€€52€€€39€€€16€€€€9€€€€9€€€€3€€€€521Ì€€Foreign:€€€€€88€€€€61€€€82€€€24€€€41€€€32€€€19€€€€0€€€€0€€€€347Ì€€Desk:€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€0€€€€6€€€€6€€€12€€€€0€€€€0€€€€5€€€€1€€€€€30€€€SLCD€Total:€€370€€€130€€130€€€82€€€92€€€48€€€28€Ï€14€€€€4€€€€898ÌÌÌWestern€Regional€Office€*ÌÌ€€Domestic:€€€€€0€€€€38€€€44€€€33€€€22€€€€6€€€€3€€€**€€**€€€146Ì€€Mini:à  àà ` à€0€€€€€2€€€€4€€€€0€€€€0€€€€0€€€€0€€€**€€**€€€€€6Ð \¬ Ѐ€WRO€Total:€€€€0€€€€40€€€48€€€33€€€22€€€€6€€€€3€€€**€€**€€€152ÌÌTotal€ReviewsÌ€€Conducted:€€370€€€170€€178€€115€€114€€€54€€€31€€€€14€€€4€€€1050Ì_________________________________________________________________ÌÌÌÌ*€€€€€Established€in€1988Ì**à0  à€Discontinued€systems€reviews,€function€returned€to€Special€Ð”ä(#(# Ѐ€€€€€Licensing€and€Compliance€DivisionÌÌÌDefinitions:à0 ` à"Domestic":€1€or€2€day€on„site€visit€to€Special€License€HolderÐD!”` (#` (# Ðà  àà ` àà0 ¸ à"Foreign":€1€or€2€day€on„site€visit€to€the€Special€License€ConsigneeÐ ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà  àà ` àà0 ¸ à"Desk":€Special€License€Holder,€Special€License€Consignee,€and€ExportÏManagement€System€reviews€conducted€by€written€correspondenceÐ ¸ (#¸ (# Ðà  àà ` àà0 ¸ à"Mini":€half€day€on„site€visit€to€Special€License€HolderÐ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌÐ  Ì&"% Ðò òÔ‡¼ »XXveÔ2.€€The€Office€of€Strategic€Trade€and€Foreign€Policy€Controls€Ô#†XveX»¼ ´#Ôó óÐ ° ÐÌà  àThe€Office€of€Strategic€Trade€&€Foreign€Policy€Controls€(STFPC)€implements€theÏmultilateral€export€controls€under€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement€to€control€the€spread€of€conventionalÏarms€and€related€technologies.€€STFPC€also€is€responsible€for€the€bilateral€High„PerformanceÏComputer€Regime€with€Japan.€€It€represents€the€Department€in€international€negotiations€on€exportÏcontrols€and€control€list€development€for€both€regimes.€€The€office€is€responsible€for€all€policyÏactions,€export€licenses,€commodity€classifications,€and€advisory€opinions€for€commodities€subjectÏto€these€two€regimes.€STFPC€also€implements€U.S.€foreign€policy€controls€to€ensure€that€exports€areÏconsistent€with€our€national€goals€relating€to€human€rights,€crime€control,€antiterrorism,€and€regionalÏstability.€ÌòòÌóóÓ  Óò òNational€Security€Controlsó óÐ è8  ÐÓÔ·ÓÌà  àThe€United€States€maintains€national€security€controls€on€the€export€and€reexport€of€strategicÏcommodities€and€technical€data€worldwide€to€prevent€the€diversion€of€such€strategic€items€to€certainÏdestinations.€€To€achieve€this€objective,€the€United€States€pursues€a€multilateral€approach€andÏimposes€controls€in€cooperation€with€other€nations€participating€in€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement.ÌÌòòPolicy€Towards€Individual€CountriesÐ \¬ ÐóóÌà  àSection€5(b)€of€the€Export€Administration€Act€of€1979,€as€amended€(the€Act),€requires€theÏPresident€to€establish€a€list€of€controlled€countries€for€national€security€purposes.€€€Executive€OrderÏ12214€(May€2,€1980)€delegated€this€authority€to€the€Secretary€of€Commerce.ÌÌà  àInitially,€this€list€comprised€those€countries€named€in€Section€620(f)€of€the€ForeignÏAssistance€Act€of€1961€(FAA)€(22€U.S.C.€Sec.€2370€(f)€at€the€time€of€the€enactment€of€the€ExportÏAdministration€Act€in€1979.€€The€Secretary€of€Commerce,€however,€may€add€or€remove€countriesÏfrom€the€list€of€controlled€countries€under€criteria€provided€in€Section€5(b).€€Since€1980,€theÏSecretary€has€removed€countries€from€the€list€of€controlled€countries,€including€the€former€FederalÏRepublic€of€Yugoslavia€in€1985,€Hungary€in€1992,€and€the€Czech€Republic,€Poland,€and€the€SlovakÏRepublic€in€1994.€€Public€Law€102„511€(October€24,€1992)€amended€Section€620(f)€of€the€FAA€toÏdelete€the€former€Soviet€Bloc€countries€and€certain€other€nations€from€the€list€of€CommunistÏcountries.€€Under€Section€5(b)€of€the€Act,€the€United€States,€however,€continues€to€control€exportsÏto€some€of€the€countries€deleted€from€the€list€in€Section€620(f)€of€the€FAA.ÌÌà  àThe€countries€currently€controlled€under€Section€5(b)€of€the€Act€are:€Albania,€Bulgaria,€Cuba,ÏEstonia,€Latvia,€Lithuania,€Mongolia,€the€Newly€Independent€States€of€the€former€Soviet€Union,ÏNorth€Korea,€the€Peopleððs€Republic€of€China,€Romania,€Vietnam,€and€Tibet.€€The€Department,€alongÏwith€other€concerned€agencies,€provides€technical€export€control€development€assistance€to€manyÏof€these€countries€with€a€view€to€removing€additional€nations€from€the€list€of€controlled€countries.Ð  ¸)%( ÐòòWassenaar€ArrangementóóÐ ° ÐÌà  àFor€over€two€years€the€members€of€the€former€Coordinating€Committee€on€MultilateralÏControls€(COCOM),€which€was€dissolved€on€March€31,€1994,€have€been€meeting€to€work€out€aÏfollow„on€regime.€€It€was€decided€that€an€important€element€of€the€new€regime€would€be€its€initialÏscope€and€membership„„both€of€which€were€to€be€greatly€expanded.€€These€negotiations€culminatedÏin€an€agreement€on€the€initial€elements€of€the€regime€in€December€1995.€€The€group€took€the€nameÏof€the€city€in€which€the€agreement€was€reached,€Wassenaar,€in€the€Netherlands.€€Membership€wasÏexpanded€and€negotiations€continued.€€ÌÌà  àOn€July€11„12,€1996,€the€33€members€of€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement€on€Export€Controls€forÏConventional€Arms€and€Dual„use€Goods€and€Technologies€approved€the€regimeððs€guidelines€andÏprocedures.€€The€parties€also€approved€lists€of€controlled€arms,€munitions€and€dual„use€goods€andÏtechnologies.€€The€purpose€of€the€regime€is€ð ðto€promote€greater€transparency,€responsibility€andÏrestraint€with€regard€to€transfer€of€arms€and€sensitive€dual„use€goods€and€technologies.ðð€€AnÏimportant€feature€of€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement€is€its€commitment€to€control€conventional€arms€andÏrelated€dual„use€technologies.€€The€regime€is€intended€to€be€a€complement€to€the€existing€non„¼proliferation€regimes:€the€Missile€Technology€Control€Regime,€the€Australia€Group€and€the€NuclearÏSuppliers€Group.€€The€United€States€believes€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement€will€have€two€distinctÏadvantages€over€COCOM.€€First,€it€will€be€a€vehicle€for€monitoring€transfers€of€sensitive€goods€toÏcountries€of€concern.€€Second,€it€will€provide€members€with€a€forum€to€share€information€aboutÏtransfers€for€the€benefit€of€the€group€as€a€whole€and€the€members€themselves„„at€a€national€level.ÌÌà  àThe€regime€enters€into€effect€on€November€1,€1996,€the€target€date€for€implementing€theÏcontrol€lists.€€During€a€September€24„25€working€group,€parties€met€to€finalize€procedures€toÏsafeguard€the€confidentiality€of€information€provided€to€the€secretariat€and€ensure€that€their€ownÏnational€legislation€and€regulations€permit€the€sharing€of€such€information.€€A€voluntary€informationÏexchange€occurred€in€September€with€formal€reporting€due€in€November.€The€next€plenary€will€meetÏin€Vienna€in€December€1996.Ìà  à¹Ó  Óò òExport€Control€ChangesÐ X ¨ Ðó óÓÊÓÌà  àOn€November€28,€1995,€BXA€amended€the€Export€Administration€Regulations€by€expandingÏforeign€policy€controls€on€specially€designed€implements€of€torture.€€Previously,€such€implementsÏwere€controlled€under€ECCN€0A82C€of€the€Commerce€Control€List,€along€with€handcuffs,€policeÏhelmets€and€shields,€as€crime€control€and€detection€commodities.€€As€such,€they€did€not€require€aÏvalidated€license€for€export€to€member€countries€of€the€North€Atlantic€Treaty€Organization€(NATO),ÏAustralia,€Japan€or€New€Zealand.€€The€new€rule€created€a€new€CCL€entry,€0A83D,€requiring€aÏvalidated€license€for€export€of€specially€designed€implements€of€torture€to€all€destinations,€includingÏCanada.€€Applications€for€such€exports€will€continue€to€be€subject€to€a€general€policy€of€denial.Ð  ¤(ô#' Ðà  àOn€December€20,€1995,€BXA€expanded€general€license€GLX€treatment€to€semiconductorÏdevices€(integrated€circuits),€certain€semiconductor€manufacturing€equipment,€certain€cellular€phonesÏcontaining€encryption€and€encrypted€virus€protection€software€programs.€€Industry€has€estimated€thatÏ139€billion€semiconductors€and€33€billion€integrated€circuits€were€sold€worldwide€in€1992.€€LessÏthan€one„third€of€these€were€produced€by€U.S.„owned€firms.€€Industry€believes€that€the€availabilityÏof€general€license€shipments€for€integrated€circuits€will€significantly€improve€the€globalÏcompetitiveness€of€the€U.S.€semiconductor€industry.ÌÌà  àOn€January€25,€1996,€BXA€published€a€regulation€implementing€the€Presidentððs€October€6,Ï1995€announcement€on€major€reform€of€computer€export€controls.€€The€President€announced€aÏliberalization€of€export€controls€on€all€computers€to€countries€in€North€America,€most€of€WesternÏEurope,€and€parts€of€Asia.€€For€certain€other€countries,€including€many€in€Latin€America€and€CentralÏand€Eastern€Europe,€this€rule€also€liberalized€export€controls€on€computers.€€For€the€former€SovietÏUnion,€China€and€certain€other€countries,€U.S.€export€controls€focused€on€computers€intended€forÏmilitary€and€proliferation€end„uses€or€users,€and€eased€controls€on€exports€of€computers€to€civilianÏcustomers.€€Finally,€there€were€no€changes€in€current€policy€for€computer€shipments€to€terroristÏcountries€with€the€exception€of€the€addition€of€Sudan€to€ECCNs€4A994F,€4D994F,€4E994F,€andÏComputer€Tier€4€(a€grouping€of€terrorist€countries,€for€the€purpose€of€computer€controls).€€ThisÏdecision€streamlined€validated€license€requirements€for€U.S.€computer€manufacturers€of€computersÏthat€are,€or€will€be€in€the€next€two€years,€widely€available€in€the€international€market€place.ÌÌà  àOn€March€5,€1996,€BXA€amended€the€Export€Administration€Regulations€(EAR)€to€reflectÏthe€imposition€of€additional€economic€sanctions€on€Iran€as€a€result€of€the€issuance€of€ExecutiveÏOrder€12959€on€May€6,€1995.€€The€Executive€Order€delegates€implementation€responsibility€to€theÏDepartment€of€the€Treasuryððs€Office€of€Foreign€Assets€Control€(OFAC),€including€authority€forÏexports€and€certain€reexports.€€If€OFAC€authorizes€an€export€or€reexport,€no€separate€authorizationÏfrom€BXA€is€necessary.€€This€rule€makes€clear€that€enforcement€action€may€be€taken€under€the€EARÏwith€respect€to€an€export€or€reexport€prohibited€both€by€the€EAR€and€by€the€Executive€Order€andÏnot€authorized€by€OFAC.€€STFPC€has€also€been€providing€technical€analyses€to€OFAC€on€exportÏlicense€applications,including€requests€to€maintain€commercial€passenger€airlines€to€ensure€safetyÏof€flight.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓBilateral€Cooperation/Country€Policy€ó óÐ 0"€  ÐÓñ×ÓÌòòà  àCubaóó:€€Following€the€shootdown€of€U.S.€civilian€aircraft€by€Cuban€military€aircraft€inÐ $X" ÐFebruary€1996,€the€President€ordered€the€grounding€of€U.S.€flights€to€Cuba.ÌÌà  àThe€Cuban€Liberty€and€Democratic€Solidarity€(LIBERTAD)€Act€(Public€Law€104„114)€wasÏsigned€into€law€on€March€12,€1996.€€The€legislation,€among€other€things,€codifies€the€embargo€andÏauthorizes€the€President€to€assist€independent€non„governmental€organizations€in€Cuba€and€toÏestablish€an€exchange€of€news€bureaus.€€The€Act€did€not€impact€current€BXA€licensing€of€exportsÏof€humanitarian€items€to€Cuba€under€Section€1705€of€the€Cuban€Democracy€Act€(CDA).€ÌÐ h+¸&* Ðòòà  àHong€Kong/Taiwanóó:€€In€May€1996,€BXA€participated€in€an€interagency€delegation€that€heldÐ ° Ðexport€control€talks€with€Hong€Kong€and€British€officials€and€with€Taiwan€officials.€€In€Hong€Kong,Ïthe€talks€centered€on€building€nonproliferation€expertise€among€the€Hong€Kong€officials€to€replaceÏtheir€reliance€on€British€expertise.€€Hong€Kong€officials€also€came€to€Washington€in€July€1996€toÏparticipate€in€the€Missile€Technology€Control€Regimeððs€transshipment€seminar.€€Other€Hong€KongÏofficials€came€in€August€1996€to€meet€with€nonproliferation„control€experts€at€BXA€and€at€State€andÏto€attend€the€Department€of€Energyððsððs€Nuclear€Nonproliferation€seminar.€€In€Taiwan,€talks€focusedÏon€helping€Taiwan€to€adopt€nonproliferation€controls€now€that€they€have€munitions€and€dual„useÏgoods€controls€in€place.€€In€September€1996,€an€interagency€team€returned€to€both€Hong€Kong€andÏTaiwan€to€give€further€training€in€nonproliferation€controls.ÌÌà  àòòIsraelóó:€€In€July€1996,€a€group€of€Israeli€export€control€officials€came€to€Washington€for€a€five„Ð Ô$  Ðday€program€that€included€participation€in€BXAððs€annual€ð ðUpdateðð€conference€and€briefings€at€theÏDepartments€of€State€and€Defense.€€In€addition,€BXA€conducted€a€one„day€program€to€discussÏBXAððs€licensing€process,€computer€system,€and€export€control€legal€authorities.ÌÌà  àòòChinaóó:€U.S.€and€Chinese€representatives€met€in€September€1996€for€the€10th€meeting€of€theÐ pÀ ÐJoint€Commission€on€Commerce€and€Trade€(JCCT).€€BXA€was€able€to€arrange€a€side€meeting€onÏexport€controls€with€some€of€the€Chinese€delegates.€€Both€sides€recounted€changes€in€their€exportÏcontrol€system€that€had€occurred€during€the€year€since€the€last€JCCT€meeting€and€both€sides€sharedÏsome€export€control€problems.€€Agreement€was€reached€to€meet€again€in€the€early€spring€to€continueÏexport€control€cooperation.ÌÌà  àòòJapanóó:€U.S.€and€Japanese€representatives€met€in€September€for€export€control€discussions.€Ð ä4 ÐAgenda€items€included€consideration€of€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement,€joint€export€control€efforts€inÏEast€Asia,€and€the€U.S.„Japan€high€performance€computer€agreement.ÌÌÓ  Óò òCommodity€Jurisdiction€ó óÐ ”ä ÐÓ¸ãÓÌòòCommercial€Communications€Satellites€and€Hot€Section€TechnologyóóÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àIn€October,€BXA€published€a€rule€in€the€Federal€Register€transferring€jurisdiction€on€certainÏcommercial€communications€satellites€and€certain€hot€section€technology€for€the€development€andÏproduction€of€commercial€aircraft€engines€from€the€U.S.€Munition€List,€administered€by€the€StateÏDepartment,€to€the€Commerce€Control€List.€€These€commodities€are€controlled€by€the€WassenaarÏArrangement€whose€members€include€most€of€the€other€producers€of€these€commodities.€€TheseÏitems€are€also€controlled€for€foreign€policy€reasons.€€The€Secretary€of€Commerce€took€this€actionÏwith€the€concurrence€of€the€Secretaries€of€State€and€Defense,€in€the€belief€that€these€controls€areÏnecessary€to€further€significantly€the€foreign€policy€of€the€United€States.€€The€United€States€is€theÏworld€leader€in€the€production€of€commercial€communications€satellites€and€of€hot€sectionÏtechnology.ÌÐ  |*Ì%) ÐòòEncryptionóóÐ ° ÐÌà  àOn€December€30,€1996,€BXA€issued€a€regulation€implementing€the€AdministrationððsÏencryption€policy€announced€by€the€Vice€President€on€October€1,€1996.€€The€regulation€establishesÏprocedures€and€conditions€for€companies€to€follow€for€approval€to€export€encryption€products€andÏcreates€a€new€license€exception€for€recoverable€encryption€products.€€Key€elements€of€the€regulationÏinclude€the€transfer€of€commercial€encryption€items€from€the€U.S.€Munitions€List€to€the€CommerceÏControl€List,€liberalized€treatment€for€recoverable€products€and€a€two-year€transition€period€duringÏwhich€non-key€recovery€56€bit€DES€or€equivalent€strength€encryption€products€may€be€approved€forÏexport€based€on€company€commitments€to€build€and€market€key€recovery€products€and€to€supportÏa€key€management€infrastructure€for€electronic€commerce.€€ÌÌà  àIn€addition,€beginning€on€January€1,€1997,€nonrecoverable€56€bit€DES€or€equivalent€strengthÏencryption€products€will€also€be€exportable€under€a€special€six€month€license€exception,€which€canÏbe€renewed€during€the€two€year€transition€period.€€This€special€license€exemption€requires€a€one€timeÏreview€of€the€product€and€assurances€that€satisfactory€progress€is€being€made€to€build€and€marketÏrecoverable€encryption€products.€€The€Administrationððs€initiative€will€support€the€growth€ofÏelectronic€commerce,€increase€the€security€of€the€global€information,€and€sustain€the€economicÏcompetitiveness€of€U.S.€encryption€product€manufacturers€during€the€transition€to€a€key€managementÏinfrastructure€with€key€recovery.ÌÌÓ  Óò òà @ àEuropean€Union€Harmonization€Effortó óÐ  \ ÐÓ1îÓÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€STFPC€renumbered€the€national€security€and€foreign€policy€commodities,Ïequipment,€and€technology€on€the€Commerce€Commodity€Control€List€to€conform€with€theÏnumbering€system€of€the€European€Union.€€The€harmonized€control€list€for€these€items€simplifiesÏcomparisons€between€the€U.S.€and€foreign€numbering€systems€for€Customs€and€enforcementÏofficials.€ÌÌÔ‡¼ »XXveÔò òÐ  l¼ Ð3.€€The€Office€of€Nuclear€and€Missile€Technology€Controlsó óÔ#†XveX»¼ ð#ԀР° ÐÌà  àThe€Office€of€Nuclear€and€Missile€Technology€Controls€(NMT)€is€responsible€for€all€policyÏand€technology€issues€related€to€U.S.€dual„use€export€controls€on€nuclear€and€missile€technology,Ïincluding€the€full€range€of€activities€associated€with€the€licensing€of€exports.€€As€the€lead€office€onÏnuclear€and€missile€issues,€NMT€staff€participates€as€part€of€the€U.S.€delegation€to€the€multilateralÏNuclear€Suppliers€Group€(NSG)€and€the€Missile€Technology€Control€Regime€(MTCR).€€TheseÏmultilateral€organizations€coordinate€export€controls€on€items€that€could€contribute€to€theÏproliferation€of€weapons€of€mass€destruction.ÌÌà  àNMT€provides€both€policy€and€technical€perspectives,€ensuring€that€dual€use€equipment€andÏtechnology€critical€to€the€development€of€such€weapons€and€their€delivery€systems€are€controlled.€ÏÌNMT€participates€in€export€control€outreach€efforts,€engaging€foreign€governments,€multilateralÏgovernment€organizations,€and€international€and€U.S.€industry€groups€in€formal€seminars€andÏinformal€contacts€to€enhance€nuclear€and€missile€nonproliferation€efforts€worldwide.€€ò òÐ ¬ü  ÐÓ  ÓÌEuropean€Union€List€HarmonizationÌÓ-õÓó óÌà  àAs€part€of€an€overall€BXA€effort,€NMT€initiated€discussions€with€the€European€Union€(EU)Ïthat€resulted€in€the€harmonization€of€the€Commerce€Control€List€(CCL)€with€the€EU€dual€use€controlÏlist.€€This€effort€has€enabled€BXA€to€publish€a€new€CCL€that€reflects€commonality€with€the€EU€list,Ïwith€few€exceptions.€€Consultations€continue€with€the€EU€to€ensure€that€both€lists€are€kept€current,Ïand€that€questions€and€concerns€have€a€forum€for€discussion€and€resolution.€€By€harmonizing€U.S.Ïcontrol€language€with€that€of€the€EU,€and€eliminating€any€possibility€of€misinterpretation€as€to€whatÏis€intended€to€be€controlled,€U.S.€exporters€are€now€on€a€level€playing€field€internationally€with€theirÏEuropean€competitors,€and€enforcement€of€the€controls€is€strengthened.ÌÌà@ ìàò òThe€Nuclear€Suppliers€Group€Regimeó óˆÐ ¨ø Ѐ€€€Ìà  àThe€Nuclear€Suppliers€Group€Dual„Use€Regime€(NSG),€which€began€in€March€of€1992,€isÏan€informal€group€whose€34€members€have€agreed€to€multilaterally€control€exports€of€dual„useÏcommodities€that€have€nuclear€weapons€utility.€€These€controls€are€described€in€two€NSGÏdocuments,€the€Guidelines€and€the€Annex.€€The€Guidelines€provide€the€underlying€precepts€of€theÏRegime,€while€the€Annex€lists€those€items€subject€to€NSG€controls.€€The€NSG€requires€members€toÏestablish€licensing€procedures€for€the€transfer€of€Annex€items.€€ÌÌà  àOnce€a€nation€indicates€its€willingness€to€abide€by€the€NSG's€precepts€and€demonstrates€thatÏintent€by€adopting€NSG€controls€as€part€of€its€national€laws€and€regulations,€it€may€formally€applyÏfor€membership.€€The€newest€members€to€join€the€NSG€include€Argentina€in€April€1994;€NewÏZealand€in€October€1994;€South€Africa€and€South€Korea€in€April€1995;€and€Brazil€and€Ukraine€inÏApril€1996.ÌÐ +à&* ÐòòExport€Control€ChangesÐ ° ÐóóÌà  àThe€NSG€is€a€dynamic€regime€which€must€be€revised€to€reflect€advances€in€nuclearÏtechnology.€€BXA€has€been€an€active€participant€and€a€strong€advocate€of€revisions€to€the€NSG€DualÏUse€List€to€eliminate€outdated€controls.€€Seminars€and€meetings€are€regularly€held€to€refine€the€listÏof€controlled€items,€and€to€update€procedures€to€enhance€the€regime's€effectiveness.€€ÌÌà  àOn€February€1,€1996,€BXA€published€an€interim€final€rule€amending€a€number€of€ExportÏControl€Classification€Numbers€(ECCNs)€on€the€Commerce€Control€List€in€order€to€make€theÏNuclear€Referral€List€conform€more€closely€with€the€items€contained€in€the€NSG€Annex,€includingÏthe€removal€of€nuclear€proliferation€controls€on€machine€tools€that€are€no€longer€warranted.€€This€Ìrule€also€added€several€countries€which€were€eligible€to€receive€exports€under€general€license€(G„¼NSG),€under€the€old€Regulations,€and€are€eligible€to€receive€exports€without€a€license,€under€theÏrevised€Regulations€published€on€March€25,€1996.€Ìà  àÌòòNSG€List€ReformattingóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àNMT€has€been€actively€involved€in€an€ongoing€U.S.„sponsored€NSG€initiative€to€reformatÏthe€NSG€control€language€by€eliminating€confusing€or€awkward€terms.€€The€new€format€clarifies€theÏexact€meaning€of€the€controls€to€all€NSG€members€and€their€exporting€companies,€so€that€there€isÏconsistency€in€the€application€of€controls€by€all€member€governments.€€BXA€has€championed€thisÏeffort€and€played€a€lead€role€in€the€reformatting.ÌÌà@ ìàò òThe€Missile€Technology€Control€Regime€ó óˆÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€Missile€Technology€Control€Regime€(MTCR)€was€founded€in€1987€by€the€United€StatesÏand€its€six€major€trading€partners:€€the€United€Kingdom,€Germany,€France,€Canada,€Italy€and€Japan.€ÏThe€MTCR€presently€comprises€28€member€countries€that€have€agreed€multilaterally€to€controlÏmissile€related€exports€to€prevent€the€proliferation€of€missiles€capable€of€delivering€weapons€of€massÏdestruction.€€ÌÌà  àMTCR€export€controls€are€based€on€the€Guidelines€and€the€Annex.€€The€Guidelines€provideÏlicensing€policy,€procedures,€and€review€factors,€along€with€standard€government€assurances,€toÏprevent€the€proliferation€or€re„transfer€of€sensitive€technology.€€The€MTCR€Annex€lists€missileÏsystems,€major€subsystems,€production€equipment,€materials,€components,€and€test€equipment€thatÏare€subject€to€controls.€€Each€member€country,€under€its€own€national€laws,€has€agreed€to€abide€byÏthe€provisions€of€the€MTCR€by€implementing€export€controls€on€dual„use€items€identified€in€theÏMTCR€Annex.€€In€the€case€of€the€United€States,€there€are€approximately€120€entries€on€theÏCommerce€Control€List€subject€to€missile€technology€controls.ÌÌòòÌÌÐ h+¸&* ÐMTCR€Transhipment€SeminaróóÐ ° ÐÌà  àIn€July€1996,€BXA€assisted€in€the€development€of€the€first€MTCR€Transshipment€Seminar.€ÏThis€seminar€was€a€ground„breaking€exercise€for€nonproliferation€export€control€regimes.€€For€theÏfirst€time,€MTCR€and€non„MTCR€countries€were€brought€together€to€discuss€the€role€thatÏtransshipment€plays€in€illicit€trade.€€Twelve€MTCR€countries€and€seven€non„MTCR€participants€„„ÏCyprus,€Malta,€Singapore,€South€Korea,€Hong€Kong,€Jordan,€and€the€United€Arab€Emirates€„„€metÏto€discuss€concerns€relating€to€missile€proliferation.€€€ÌÌà  àAt€the€seminar,€BXA€addressed€issues€relating€to€legislation,€regulations,€policy,€licensing,Ïand€enforcement€of€missile„related€exports.€€In€an€effort€to€continue€this€dialogue€between€MTCRÏand€non„MTCR€countries€on€missile€technology€issues€of€mutual€interest,€a€series€of€expert€levelÏworkshops€on€the€various€aspects€of€export€control€implementation€will€be€scheduled€in€the€yearÏahead.Ìò òÓ  ÓÌThe€Enhanced€Proliferation€Control€Initiativeó óÐ „Ô  ÐÓm ÓÓ  ÓÌà  àNMT€continues€to€lead€the€effort€to€clarify€the€Enhanced€Proliferation€Control€InitiativeÏ(EPCI)€and€to€urge€multilateral€implementation€of€similar€measures€by€our€trading€partners.€ÏEPCI€covers€exports€and€reexports€of€otherwise€undcontrolled€goods€and€technology€where€thereÏis€a€risk€of€diversion€to€proliferation€activities.€€EPCI€also€addresses€services€by€persons€subjectÏto€U.S.€jurisdiction€who€may€contribute€to€proliferation€activities.€€These€regulations€areÏdesigned€to€prevent€exports€that€would€make€a€material€contribution€to€proliferation€projects€ofÏconcern,€without€affecting€legitimate€commercial€trade.ÌÌà  àEPCI€began€as€a€unilateral€control,€but€with€U.S.€leadership,€many€of€our€nonproliferationÏregime€partners€have€also€incorporated€end„use€restrictions.€€On€July€1,€1995,€the€EuropeanÏUnion€began€implementing€dual€use€regulations€containing€end„use€restrictions,€and€Japan€beganÏimplementing€its€end„use€controls€on€October€1,€1996.€€Strengthening€EPCI€will€improve€U.S.Ïnonproliferation€efforts€and€reduce€uncertainty€among€U.S.€exporters€regarding€export€controls.ÌÌò òÔ‡¼ »XXveÔÐ  D!” Ð4.€€Office€of€Chemical€and€Biological€Controls€and€Treaty€ComplianceÔ#†XveX»¼ :#Ôó óÐ ° ÐÌà  àThe€Office€of€Chemical€and€Biological€Controls€and€Treaty€Compliance€(CBTC)€is€theÏfocal€point€within€the€U.S.€Government€for€implementing€dual„use€multilateral€export€controls€inÏthe€area€of€chemical€and€biological€weapons€(CBW)€proliferation.€€The€office€carries€out€itsÏresponsibilities€by:€€1)€participating€in€multilateral€export€control€activities€under€the€AustraliaÏGroup€(AG);€2)€administering€compliance€through€export€licensing;€3)€ensuring€that€U.S.Ïindustry's€interests€are€taken€into€consideration€in€the€development€of€export€control€laws€andÏregulations;€and€4)€participating€in€international€negotiations€involving€the€Biological€WeaponsÏConvention€(BWC)€and€the€Chemical€Weapons€Convention€(CWC).€€CBTC€works€closely€withÏU.S.€industry€by€providing€commodity€classifications€and€advisory€opinions€and€participating€inÏrelevant€BXA€Technical€Advisory€Committees.€€The€office€plays€a€strong€role€in€implementingÏpolicies€that€promote€U.S.€nonproliferation€goals€while€protecting€company€proprietaryÏinformation,€including€commercial€technologies.€€ÌÌà  àCBTC€also€administers€Congressionally„mandated€restrictions€on€the€export€ofÏdomestically€produced€petroleum€and€unprocessed€timber.€€This€office€led€in€implementation€ofÏthe€Alaskan€North€Slope€oil€export€liberalization,€revision€of€the€short€supply€crude€oil€exportÏregulations,€and€administration€of€the€state€log€export€ban€mandated€by€the€Forest€ResourcesÏConservation€and€Shortage€Relief€Amendments€Act€of€1993.€€This€office€also€is€responsible€forÏanalyzing€the€impact€of€export€control/economic€policy€options€with€respect€to€the€U.S.€oilÏindustry€€(see€section€on€Short€Supply).ÌÌÓ  Óò òà @ àChemical€and€Biological€Controlsó óÐ  \ ÐÓ}ÓÌà  àThe€United€States€maintains€chemical€and€biological€weapons€(CBW)€controls€on€theÏexport€and€reexport€of€commodities,€equipment,€and€technology€worldwide€to€prevent€theÏdiversion€of€such€items€to€certain€destinations€and€end„users.€€To€achieve€this€objective,€theÏUnited€States€pursues€a€multilateral€approach€and€imposes€controls€in€cooperation€with€otherÏnations€participating€in€the€Australia€Group€(AG).ÌÌÓ  Óò òSanctionsó óÐ l!¼ ÐÓ†ÓÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€the€U.S.€Government€continued€chemical€and€biological€sanctions€onÏseveral€foreign€firms€and€nationals€pursuant€to€the€Chemical€and€Biological€Weapons€ControlÏand€Warfare€Elimination€Act€of€1991.€€These€sanctions€prohibit€the€U.S.€government€fromÏprocuring€goods€and€services€from€the€sanctioned€entities€and€also€prevent€the€importation€intoÏthe€United€States€of€any€goods€produced€by€them.ÌÌÓ  Óò òAustralia€Group€Regimeó óÐ Ì($' ÐÌÓlÓà  àThe€Australia€Group€(AG)€is€an€informal€forum€of€30€industrialized€countries€that€haveÏagreed€to€cooperate€in€curbing€the€proliferation€of€chemical€and€biological€weapons.€€The€AG€isÐ +à&* Ðmeeting€this€objective€through€the€harmonization€of€export€controls€and€the€exchange€ofÏinformation€on€CBW„related€activities€of€concern.€€Since€1985,€the€AG€has€expanded€its€controlÏlist€to€cover€a€variety€of€CBW„related€items,€including€€chemical€weapons€precursors,€dual„useÏchemical€and€biological€manufacturing€facilities,€equipment,€and€related€technology,€andÏbiological€agents€including€plant,€animal€and€human€pathogens,€and€toxins.€€The€key€criteria€forÏmembership€in€the€Australia€group€are€that€a€country€must€have€an€export€control€system€in€placeÏthat€includes€an€enforcement€mechanism,€and€a€country€must€not€have€a€CBW€program€or€assistÏother€countries€that€are€developing€such€programs.€ÌÌÓ  Óò òà @ àExport€Control€Liberalization€ó óÐ ü L  ÐÓSÓÌà  àOn€October€19,€1995,€BXA€issued€the€final€rule€to€implement€the€Australia€Group's€(AG)Ïthree„tiered€approach€on€chemical€mixtures€containing€an€AG„controlled€chemical€weapon€(CW)Ïprecursor.€€This€regulation€provided€relief€to€the€chemical€industry€from€the€previous€zeroÏtolerance€for€chemical€mixtures€and€streamlined€controls€and€reporting€requirements€on€sampleÏchemical€shipments.€€An€exporter€can€now€export€these€types€of€mixtures€containing€an€AG„¼controlled€chemical€precursor€under€a€general€license€to€most€destinations€if€the€precursor€meetsÏthe€de€minimis€threshold€concentration€on€a€solvent„free€basis.Ì€Ìà  àDuring€FY€1996,€BXA€updated€the€biological€control€list€for€the€first€time€in€three€years.€ÏBXA€published€the€changes€in€the€Federal€Register€on€March€25,€1996.€€These€changes€includedÏimplementing€new€nomenclatures€for€several€pathogens,€modifying€the€wording€and€clarificationÏof€terms€for€biological€items,€liberalizing€BW€export€controls€on€vaccines€and€immunotoxins,Ïand€revising€technical€parameters€for€fermenters,€cross„flow€filtration€equipment,€and€chambers.€ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€BXA€initiated€and€cleared€a€draft€regulation€which€would€permit€the€exportÏof€solvents€containing€trace€quantities€of€controlled€chemical€precursors€under€the€provisions€of€aÏlicense€exception€for€consideration€by€the€AG€members.€€At€present,€for€example,€items€such€asÏdry€cleaning€agents€which€contain€trace€quantities€require€a€validated€license.€€This€proposalÏwould€relieve€the€U.S.€chemical€industry€from€some€licensing€requirements.€€At€the€OctoberÏ1996€Australia€Group€Plenary€session,€AG€members€reviewed€the€issue€of€using€a€solvent€freeÏbasis€to€compute€the€percentage€of€CW€precursor€and€agreed€to€hold€an€Intersessional€expertsÏmeeting€to€discuss€member€country€proposals€to€modify€the€solvents€rule.€€If€the€AG€agrees€toÏmodify€the€solvents€rule,€BXA€may€revisit€the€proposed€exemption€for€trace€quantities€ofÏprecursors.€€During€the€coming€year,€BXA€will€provide€analytical€and€technical€support€to€theÏIntersessional€experts€group.Ìò òÌÓ  Óà @ àChemical€Weapons€ConventionÌÓß'Óó óÌà  àOn€January€13,€1993,€the€United€States€signed€The€Convention€on€the€Prohibition€of€theÏDevelopment,€Production,€Stockpiling€and€Use€of€Chemical€Weapons€and€on€their€DestructionÏ(CWC).€€The€purpose€of€the€CWC€is€to€ban€the€use,€development,€production,€or€stockpiling€ofÏChemical€Weapons.€€The€CWC€is€a€comprehensive€arms€control€agreement€that€bans€an€entireÐ h+¸&* Ðclass€of€weapons€and€affects€the€operations€of€the€chemical€industry.€€The€CWC€requires€affectedÏindustries€to€submit€initial€and€annual€declarations€on€their€production,€use,€stockpiling,€andÏtrade€in:€€1)€Schedule€1€CW€agents;€2)€Schedule€2€other€CW€Agents€and€Precursors;€and€3)ÏPrecursor€Chemicals€with€Industrial€Uses.€€Affected€industries€are€subject€to€routine€andÏchallenge€inspections€from€a€team€of€inspectors€from€the€Organization€for€the€Prohibition€ofÏChemical€Weapons.€€In€addition,€the€trade€restriction€provisions€of€the€CWC€are€compatible€withÏthe€existing€AG„related€export€licensing€regulations€administered€by€BXA.ÌÌà  àOn€September€12,€1996,€the€Senate€›canceledœ€the€scheduled€vote€on€providing€its€adviceÏand€consent€to€ratification€of€the€CWC.€€Further€consideration€of€the€CWC€is€anticipated€duringÏthe€105th€Congress.ÌÌÓ  Óò òà @ àBiological€Weapons€Conventionó óÐ À  ÐÓ-ÓÌà  àThe€Biological€Weapons€Convention€of€1972€(BWC),€an€international€arms€controlÏagreement€ratified€by€the€U.S.€and€136€other€countries,€bans€the€development,€production,Ïstockpile,€or€acquisition€of€biological€agents€or€toxins€that€have€no€peaceful€uses.€€An€Ad€HocÏGroup€was€established€in€1994€to€consider€measures€to€strengthen€the€BWC€and€incorporateÏthem€into€a€legally€binding€protocol.€€During€FY€1996,€BXA€participated€fully€in€U.S.Ïdelegations€to€all€BWC€international€negotiations.€€The€4th€Biological€Weapons€ReviewÏConference€took€place€in€November€1996.€€BXA€worked€within€the€interagency€policyÏformulation€process€to€devise€and€evaluate€measures€to€enhance€compliance,€and€to€developÏguidance€to€help€negotiators€effectively€promote€U.S.€protocol€objectives.€€BXA's€objective€is€toÏensure€that€the€protocol€that€will€be€developed€enhances€confidence€in€the€BWC€withoutÏendangering€U.S.€industry€interests.ÌÌÓ  Óò òà @ àBiological€Terrorismó óÐ ¨ø ÐÓ 1ÓÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€BXA€participated€in€the€interagency€Culture€Collection€CommitteeÏformed€to€address€potential€threats€of€biological€terrorism.€€The€Center€for€Disease€ControlÏwithin€the€U.S.€Department€of€Health€and€Human€Services€led€the€interagency€group€to€developÏplans€that€would€ensure€that€public€safety€is€protected€without€encumbering€legitimate€scientificÏand€medical€research€in€the€United€States.€€ÌÌà  àOn€June€10,€1996,€the€Committee€published€in€the€Federal€Register€a€proposed€ruleÏwhich€places€additional€shipping€and€handling€requirements€on€facilities€involved€in€interstateÏcommerce€that€transfer€or€receive€selected€agents€capable€of€causing€substantial€harm€to€humanÏhealth.€€It€designed€the€rule€to:€1)€collect€and€provide€information€on€biological€facilities€whereÏagents€are€transferred,€2)€track€the€domestic€transfer€of€these€specific€agents,€and€3)€establish€aÏprocess€for€alerting€appropriate€authorities€if€an€unauthorized€attempt€is€made€to€acquire€theseÏagents.ÌÌÓ  Óò òÐ h+¸&* Ðà @ àEuropean€Union€Harmonization€Effortó óÐ ° ÐÓW5ÓÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€CBTC€renumbered€the€chemical€and€biological€commodities,Ïequipment,€and€technology€on€the€Commerce€Control€List€to€conform€with€the€numbering€systemÏof€the€European€Union.€€The€harmonized€control€list€for€CB€items€simplifies€comparisonsÏbetween€the€U.S.€and€foreign€numbering€systems€for€Customs€and€enforcement€officials.€ÌÌÓ  Óò òà @ àExporter€Outreachó óÐ $ t ÐÓ47ÓÌà  àAs€part€of€its€outreach€program,€BXA€conducted€special€seminars€on€CBW€regulations.€ÏBXA€also€designed€special€half„day€seminars€for€academia€and€those€companies€involved€inÏresearch,€sales,€and€service€of€chemical€and€biological€products.€€The€seminars€provided€anÏoverview€of€BXA's€role€in€the€area€of€CBW€export€control€regulations€and€nonproliferationÏconcerns.€€Other€appropriate€agencies€also€made€presentations€on€their€regulations€as€they€pertainÏto€CBW€products.€€ÌÌÓ  Óò òShort€Supply€Controlsó óÐ pÀ ÐÓp9ÓÌà  àSections€3(2)(c)€and€7€of€the€Export€Administration€Act€of€1979,€as€amended,€(the€Act)Ïauthorize€the€President€to€prohibit€or€curtail€the€export€of€goods€"where€necessary€to€protect€theÏdomestic€economy€from€the€excessive€drain€of€scarce€materials€and€to€reduce€the€seriousÏinflationary€impact€of€foreign€demand".€€In€support€of€this€objective,€Section€7€also€authorizesÏthe€President€to€monitor€exports€of€certain€goods€to€determine€the€impact€of€such€exports€on€theÏdomestic€supply€and€whether€this€impact€has€an€adverse€effect€on€the€U.S.€economy.ÌÌà  àBXA€also€administers€export€controls€under€the€Energy€Policy€and€Conservation€Act,€theÏMineral€Leasing€Act,€the€Naval€Petroleum€Reserves€Production€Act,€the€Outer€Continental€ShelfÏLands€Act,€and€the€Forest€Resources€Conservation€and€Shortage€Relief€Act€(FRCSRA)of€1990,Ïas€amended€during€FY€1996.€BXA€continued€to€conduct€economic,€policy,€regulatory,€andÏtechnical€analyses€of€short€supply€controls€for€domestically€produced€petroleum,€minerals€andÏunprocessed€timber.€ÌÌòòActions€related€to€these€controls€includedóó:Ð 0"€  ÐÌà0  àòòAlaskan€North€Slope€(ANS)€Crude€Oil€Exports:óó€€During€FY€1996,€BXA€chaired€anÐ $X" Ðinteragency€review€of€the€economic€and€environmental€effects€of€lifting€the€ban€on€theÏexport€of€Alaskan€North€Slope€oil€pursuant€to€Public€Law€104„58.€€The€President€usedÏthis€review€as€the€basis€for€his€decision€that€ANS€oil€exports€are€in€the€national€interest.€ÏHe€directed€BXA€to€establish€a€license€exception€with€conditions€for€the€export€of€thisÏoil.€€On€May€31,€1996,€BXA€established€License€Exception€TAPS€(Trans„AlaskaÏâ âPipeline)€which€allows€for€exports€of€ANS€crude€oil€under€certain€conditions.€€This€tradeÐ)à$((#(# Ðà  àliberalization€measure€provides€U.S.€exporters€with€the€opportunity€to€develop€a€$500€¼à  àmillion€annual€foreign€market€for€ANS€crude€oil.€€During€FY€1996,€U.S.€firms€exported€¼à  àfive€cargoes€of€ANS€€crude€oil€totaling€approximately€5.3€million€barrels.Ìâ âÌà0  àòòCalifornia€Heavy€Crude€Oil€Exports:óó€€During€FY€1996,€BXA€issued€five€licenses€for€theÐ `° Ðexport€of€California€heavy€crude.€€U.S.€companies€are€exporting€this€oil€to€foreign€tankersÏas€part€of€bunker€fuel€blends.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòRegulatory€ReformóóÐ  ` ÐÌ€€On€March€25,€1996,€as€part€of€the€comprehensive€revision€of€the€Export€AdministrationÏRegulations,€€the€Department€published€in€the€Federal€Register€revisions€to€the€short€supplyÏexport€control€regulations.€€These€changes€included:ÌÌà0  àEstablishing€license€exceptions€for€certain€sample€shipments€of€crude€oil€and€certainÏshipments€of€oil€from€the€Strategic€Petroleum€Reserve.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àClarifying€the€language€and€simplifying€application€of€the€Export€AdministrationÏRegulations€(EAR).Ð (#(# ÐÌÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€as€authorized€by€Section€7€of€the€Export€Administration€Act€of€1979Ï(the€Act),€the€Department€of€Commerce€controlled€certain€domestically€produced€crude€oil€andÏunprocessed€Western€Red€Cedar€timber€harvested€from€Federal€and€state€lands.€€ÌÌà  àSection€7(k)€of€the€Act€specifies€that€for€pur‚poses€of€export€controls€imposed€under€thisÏAct,€the€shipment€of€crude€oil,€refined€petroleum€pro‚ducts,€or€partially€refined€petroleumÏproducts€from€the€United€States€for€use€by€the€Department€of€Defense€or€United€States-supportedÏinstallations€or€facilities€should€not€be€considered€as€exports.ÌÌà  àSection€14(a)(l3)€of€the€Act€requires€a€report€on€any€monitoring€program€conductedÏpursuant€to€this€Act€or€Section€812€of€the€Agricultural€Act€of€1970.€€Therefore,€this€chapterÏincludes€a€report€by€the€U.S.€Department€of€Agriculture€(USDA)€on€its€moni‚toring€activitiesÏduring€FY€1996.ÌÌòòCrude€Oil€and€Refined€Petroleum€ProductsóóÐ ô$D # ÐÌà  àExports€of€most€domestically€produced€crude€oil€continued€to€be€subject€to€statutoryÏrestrictions€in€FY€1996.€€Four€separate€statutes€require€the€Department€to€administer€variousÏrestrictions€on€the€export€of€domestically€produced€crude€oil.€€ÌÌà  àÝ‚+‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚+‡¦4JÝð"ðà0 ` àÝ  ÝThe€Energy€Policy€and€Conservation€Act€(EPCA)€requires€the€President€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðprohibit€the€export€of€domestically€produced€crude€oil€(Section€103).݃+‡¦4JOJÝŒÐh+¸&*` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àÝ‚+‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚+‡¦nKÝð"ðà0 ` àÝ  ÝThe€Mineral€Leasing€Act€(MLA)€prohibits€exports€of€domestic€crude€oilÐ œì Ðtransported€by€pipeline€over€Federal€rights„of„way€granted€under€Section€28(u).݃+‡¦nK‰K݌Р` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àÝ‚+‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚+‡¦¨LÝð"ðà0 ` àÝ  ÝNaval€Petroleum€Reserves€Production€Act€(NPRPA)€of€1976€restricts€exports€ofÐ `° Ðpetroleum€(crude€or€refined€products)€produced€from€the€Naval€PetroleumÏReserve.݃+‡¦¨LÃL݌Р` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àÝ‚+‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚+‡¦êMÝð"ðà0 ` àÝ  ÝThe€Outer€Continental€Shelf€Lands€Act€(OCSLA)€restricts€exports€of€crude€oil€orÐ  ` Ðnatural€gas€produced€from€Federally€owned€submerged€lands€of€the€OuterÏContinental€Shelf.݃+‡¦êMN݌Р` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌòòLicensing€ActionsóóÐ À  ÐÌà  àAll€of€the€statutes€establish€various€stringent€tests€(e.g.,€consumer€savings€through€lowerÏprices€for€replacement€oils)€a€license€applicant€must€meet€before€BXA€will€approve€the€licenseÏand€authorize€crude€oil€exports.€€BXA€can€waive€these€tests€only€by€a€national€interest€findingÏissued€by€the€President€or€his€delegated€representative.€€The€President€has€retained€the€authorityÏto€make€national€interest€findings€under€three€of€the€statutes,€but€has€delegated€to€the€Secretary€ofÏCommerce€the€authority€to€make€findings€under€EPCA.€€ÌÌà  àSince€the€legislation€came€into€effect,€there€have€been€only€five€national€interest€findingsÏproviding€exemptions€from€the€statutory€prohibitions.€€The€President€issued€two€findings€thatÏallow:€€1)€as€of€1985,€the€export€to€Canada€of€crude€oil€produced€in€the€lower€48€states;€and€2)€asÏof€1989,€the€export€of€50,000€barrels€per€day€(B/D)€of€ANS€crude€pursuant€to€the€U.S.„CanadianÏFree€Trade€Agreement.€€In€1985,€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€issued€a€finding€allowing€the€exportÏof€Alaskan€Cook€Inlet€crude€oil€to€Pacific€Rim€energy€markets.€€On€October€23,€1992,€theÏPresident€authorized€the€export€of€25,000€B/D€of€California€heavy€crude€oil€having€a€gravity€(i.e.,Ïweight)€of€20€degrees€API€or€lower.€€On€April€28,€1996,€the€President€determined€that€exports€ofÏANS€crude€oil€when€transported€on€U.S.„flag€tankers€are€in€the€national€interest.€ÌÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€BXA€approved€15€licenses€involving€a€total€of€11,620,070€barrels€ofÏcrude€oil€or€approximately€31,840€B/D.€€This€included:ÌÌà  àExports€to€Canada:€€During€FY€1996,€BXA€issued€three€licenses€totaling€more€thanÏ7,062,000€barrels€for€shipment€to€Canada€of€crude€oil€produced€in€the€lower€48€states.€ÌÌà  àCrude€Oil€For€Testing€Purposes:€€The€Department€can€authorize€the€export€of€smallÏquantities€of€domestically€produced€crude€oil€for€testing€purposes€under€an€individual€validatedÏlicense€(IVL).€€In€FY€1996,€BXA€issued€six€such€licenses€amounting€to€slightly€more€than€70Ïbarrels€of€crude€oil.€€On€March€25,€1996,€the€Department€established€a€License€Exception€SS„¼Sample€which€allows€an€exporter€to€ship€up€to€10€barrels€of€crude€oil€to€any€one€end„userÏannually,€up€to€an€annual€cumulative€limitation€of€100€barrels€per€exporter.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àTemporary€Exports€for€Convenience€or€Efficiency€of€Transportation:€€Pursuant€to€SectionÏ7(d)€of€the€Act,€the€Department€permits€Alaskan€North€Slope€(ANS)€crude€oil€to€be€shipped€toÏU.S.€East€Coast,€Gulf€Coast,€and€Caribbean€ports€through€approved€non-U.S.€transshipmentÏterminals€and€approved€temporary€non-U.S.€storage€facilities.€€Participating€companies€reportÏmonthly€to€BXA€on€the€quantities€of€ANS€crude€oil€leaving€Valdez,€Alaska,€the€quantitiesÏentering,€leaving,€or€in€tem‚porary€storage€at€transshipment€terminals;€and€the€quantities€en€routeÏand€discharged€at€various€U.S.€terminals.€€During€FY€1996,€there€was€no€activity€under€thisÏauthority.ÌÌà  àThe€Department€also€authorizes€temporary€exports€to€Canada€and€Mexico€forÏconvenience€and€efficiency€of€transportation.€€During€FY€1996,€BXA€issued€one€license€forÏ550,000€barrels€for€temporary€exports€to€Canada€under€this€authority.€€ÌÌà  àCrude€Oil€from€Cook€Inlet:€€The€Department€au‚thorizes€the€export€of€crude€oil€derivedÏfrom€state-owned€submerged€lands€in€Alaska's€Cook€In‚let€under€an€IVL€unless€the€oil€has€been€orÏwill€be€transported€by€a€pipeline€over€a€Federal€right-of‚„way€granted€pursuant€to€the€MineralÏLeasing€Act€or€the€Trans-Alaska€Pipeline€Authorization€Act.€In€FY€1996,€there€was€no€activityÏunder€this€program.ÌÌà  àExports€of€California€Heavy€Crude€Oil:€€During€FY€1996,€BXA€issued€five€licensesÏpursuant€to€the€California€rule€making€to€export€25,000€B/D€of€California€heavy€crude€oil.€€TheÏfive€licenses€were€for€3.55€million€barrels€of€crude€and€were€valued€at€$55€million.€€The€bulk€ofÏthe€heavy€crude€oil€exported€was€for€use€as€bunker€fuel€for€vessels€in€foreign€trade.€€ÌÌà  àAlaskan€North€Slope€Crude€Oil:€€On€November€28,€1995,€the€President€signed€into€lawÏPublic€Law€104„58€which€created€a€new€Section€28(s)€of€the€Mineral€Leasing€Act€allowingÏexports€of€oil€transported€over€right„of„way€granted€pursuant€to€Section€203€of€the€Trans„AlaskaÏPipeline€Authorization€Act.€€The€law€allowed€exports€of€Alaskan€North€Slope€(ANS)€crude€oilÏunder€certain€conditions,€notably€that€the€oil€be€exported€on€a€U.S.„flag€tanker.€€Prior€toÏenactment€of€Public€Law€104„58,€the€Trans„Alaska€Pipeline€Authorization€Act€of€1973€(TAPS),Ïas€referenced€in€Section€7(d)€of€the€Export€Administration€Act,€was€the€principal€statute€thatÏprohibited€the€export€of€ANS€crude€oil.ÌÌà  àPublic€Law€104„58€required€the€President€to€conduct€a€review€of€the€economic€andÏenvironmental€effects€of€lifting€the€ANS€ban€prior€to€making€a€determination€that€such€exportsÏwere€in€the€national€interest.€€At€the€direction€of€the€National€Economic€Council,€the€DepartmentÏchaired€an€interagency€task€force€to€prepare€the€economic€and€environmental€review.€€TheÏDepartment€conducted€public€hearings€in€Washington,€D.C.,€Seattle,€and€Anchorage€andÏsolicited€public€input€from€interested€parties.€€ÌÌà  àOn€May€31,€1996,€BXA€amended€the€short€supply€provisions€of€the€ExportÏAdministration€Regulations€by€establishing€License€Exception€TAPS€authorizing€such€exportsÏwith€certain€conditions.€€The€License€Exception€TAPS€was€based€on:€€1)€Public€Law€104„58,Ð h+¸&* Ðwhich€allows€for€the€export€of€crude€oil€transported€by€pipeline€over€right„of„way€grantedÏpursuant€to€Section€203€of€the€Trans„Alaska€Pipeline€Authorization€Act€(TAPS);€2)€theÏPresident's€April€28,€1996,€determination€that€such€exports€are€in€the€national€interest;€and€3)€theÏPresident's€direction€to€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€to€issue€a€license€exception€with€conditionsÏfor€the€export€of€TAPS€crude€oil.€€During€FY€1996,€U.S.€firms€exported€five€cargoes€of€ANSÏcrude€oil€totaling€approximately€5.3€million€barrels.€ÌòòÌWood€Productsóóò òÐ $ t Ðó óÌà  àBXA€administers€short€supply€export€controls€on€Western€Red€Cedar,€as€mandated€byÏSection€7(i)€of€the€Act.€€BXA€also€administers€the€ban€on€exports€of€unprocessed€timberÏoriginating€from€public€lands€in€all€or€parts€of€17€western€states€pursuant€to€FRCSRA.€€Ì€Ìà  àWestern€Red€Cedar:€€Section€7(i)€of€the€EAA€prohibits€the€export€of€unprocessedÏWestern€Red€Cedar€(WRC)€harvested€from€state€or€Federal€lands.€€This€prohibition€applies€toÏthose€contracts€entered€into€after€September€30,€1979.€€However,€exports€of€unprocessed€WRCÏharvested€from€state€or€Federal€lands€under€contracts€entered€into€before€October€1,€1979,€areÏpermitted€under€an€Individual€Validated€License.€€During€FY€1996,€BXA€did€not€issue€anyÏexport€licenses€for€WRC.€ÌÌà  àFRCSRA:€€Under€FRCSRA,€the€Department€of€Commerce€is€responsible€forÏadministering€the€ban€on€the€export€of€unprocessed€timber€originating€from€public€lands€in€17Ïwestern€states.€€In€the€alternative,€the€affected€states€can€request€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€toÏauthorize€them€to€administer€their€own€programs.€€BXA€has€undertaken€the€following€actionsÏimplementing€FRCSRA:€ÌÌÝ‚+‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚+‡¦ƒkÝð"ðà0  àÝ  ÝFirst€Log€Export€Order:€€On€August€23,€1993,€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€signed€aÐ ¨ø ÐGeneral€Order€(Order)€prohibiting€the€export€of€unprocessed€timber€originating€from€non„¼Federal€public€lands€located€west€of€the€100th€meridian€in€the€contiguous€United€States.€€Ýƒ+‡¦ƒkžk݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚+‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚+‡¦mÝð"ðà0  àÝ  ÝAdvance€Notice€of€Proposed€Rule€making:€€On€June€7,€1995,€BXA€published€in€theÐ X ¨ ÐFederal€Register€an€advance€notice€of€proposed€rule€making€requesting€comments€onÏregulations€the€Department€is€considering€to€administer€FRCSRA.€€BXA€will€issue€a€finalÏrule€making€during€FY€1997.€Ýƒ+‡¦m:m݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚+‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚+‡¦ÍnÝð"ðà0  àÝ  ÝSecond€Log€Export€Order:€On€September€29,€1995,€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€issued€aÐ ô$D # Ðsecond€Order,€as€required€by€Section€491(b)(2)(B)€of€FRCSRA.€€The€Order€applies€toÏstates€with€annual€unprocessed€timber€sales€greater€than€400€million€board€feet.€€ItÏprohibits€the€export€of€the€lesser€€of€400€million€board€feet€or€that€Stateððs€annual€salesÏvolume€of€any€unprocessed€timber€originating€from€public€lands.€€The€Order€becameÏeffective€January€1,€1996.€€Washington€State€is€currently€the€only€state€with€over€400Ïmillion€board€feet€in€annual€timber€sales.݃+‡¦Ínèn݌Р(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àCongressional€Action:€On€September€30,€1996,€Congress€passed€and€the€President€signedÏPublic€Law€104„208.€€Section€319€of€Title€III€of€Section€101(d)€of€Title€I€of€P.L.€104„208Ïrequired€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€to€extend€until€September€30,€1997,€the€order€issued€underÏSection€491(b)(2)(A)€of€the€FRCSRA€prohibiting€the€export€of€non„Federal€timber€originatingÏfrom€public€lands€in€states€with€annual€sales€greater€than€400,000,000€board€feet€(i.e;,ÏWashington€state).€€Section€319€also€requires€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€to€make€effective€onÏOctober€1,€1997,€the€prohibition€of€section€491(b)(2)(B)€of€FRCSRA€on€the€export€of€only€theÏlesser€of€400,000,000€board€feet€or€the€annual€sales€volume€of€unprocessed€timber€originationÏfrom€public€lands€in€states€west€of€the€100th€meridian€in€the€contiguous€48€states€with€more€thanÏ400,000,000€board€feet€of€annual€sales€volume€of€such€timber.€€Effective€October€1,€1997,Ïtherefore,€the€export€of€such€timber€that€is€in€excess€of€400,000,000€board€feet€is€permitted,Ïunless€prohibited€by€any€other€provision€of€law.€€As€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€has€delegated€theÏauthority€for€carrying€out€the€policies€and€programs€necessary€to€administer€laws€regarding€theÏcontrol€of€U.S.€exports€to€the€Under€Secretary,€the€Undersecretary€issued€the€order€requiredÏunder€P.L.€104„208€on€October€18,€1996.ÌÌÔ#†X»ØXXXveA#ÔÔ‡(XveXXX»ØÔÔ‡(¼ »X(XveÔò òÓ  ÓÌAGRICULTURAL€COMMODITIESó óÔ#†(XveX»(¼ 2w#ÔÐ „Ô ÐÓTwÓÌÌò òWheató óÐ pÀ ÐÌòòDomestic€SituationóóÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€United€Statesðð€Number€2€Hard€Red€Winter€wheat€achieved€a€record„high€price€ofÏ$262€(f.o.b.€Gulf)€per€ton€in€1995/96,€considerably€more€than€the€average€$156€per€ton€inÏ1994/95.€€The€season€average€farm€price€is€estimated€to€have€been€$4.55€per€bushel,€up€$1.10€perÏbushel€over€the€previous€year.€€Despite€the€high€price,€U.S.€wheat€exports€rose€to€33.6€millionÏmetric€tons€(mmt),€an€annual€increase€of€four€percent.€€The€pace€of€exports€remained€strongÏthroughout€the€year€as€the€United€States€capitalized€on€its€reputation€as€a€reliable€supplier€and€itsÏability€to€provide€a€wide€selection€consisting€of€every€class€of€wheat.€€Production€dropped€3.7Ïmmt€to€59.5€mmt€from€1994/95€and€although€consumption€also€declined€by€an€almost„equal€3.9Ïmmt,€the€increase€in€exports€was€enough€to€send€ending€stocks€down€to€10.2€mmt,€second€only€toÏ1973/74€as€the€lowest€level€on€record.ÌÌòòWorld€Supply€and€TradeóóÐ D%” # ÐÌà  àThe€price€of€wheat€rose€to€record€levels€in€the€international€market€during€1995/96€asÏglobal€consumption€exceeded€production€for€the€third€consecutive€year.€€The€high€price,Ïaccompanied€by€a€modest€two€percent€increase€in€production€to€535.9€mmt,€combined€to€driveÏworld€trade€down€to€91.9€mmt,€below€the€100€mmt€level€for€the€first€time€in€nine€years.€€A€strongÏeffort€by€the€European€Union€to€actively€discourage€wheat€exports€and€relatively€small€harvestsÏin€most€traditional€exporters€(particularly€in€drought„affected€Argentina)€enabled€the€UnitedÐ ¸+'* ÐStates€to€significantly€increase€its€share€of€the€world€wheat€market.€€Imports€by€China€increasedÏ17€percent€to€12€mmt€even€as€production€achieved€the€second€highest€level€on€record€at€102Ïmmt.€€In€India,€five€straight€years€of€record€harvests€allowed€the€nation€to€emerge€as€a€majorÏexporter€for€the€first€time,€while€Eastern€Europe€took€advantage€of€greater€production€and€strongÏprices€to€increase€its€wheat€exports€as€well€to€4.6€mmt,€the€highest€level€in€several€years.€€EndingÏglobal€stocks€of€104.7€mmt€for€1995/96€resulted€in€a€stocks„to„use€ratio€of€19.1,€the€lowest€levelÏon€record.ÌÌÌò òCoarse€Grainsó óÐ ü L  ÐÌòòDomestic€Situation€óóÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àU.S.€corn€production€in€1995/96€of€187.3€mmt€was€down€69€mmt€from€the€previous€year.€ÏDomestic€utilization€was€down€about€23€mmt€to€160.7€mmt.€€The€season€average€price€for€cornÏrose€99€cents€to€a€record€$3.25€per€bushel€in€1995/96.€€U.S.€corn€exports€fell€approximately€5Ïmmt€to€about€53.5€mmt€and€stocks€decreased€29€mmt€to€10.4€mmt.ÌÌòòWorld€Supply€and€TradeóóÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àWorld€coarse€grain€production€was€down€73€mmt€to€794€mmt€in€1995/96€with€cornÏproduction€falling€46€mmt€to€513.3€mmt.€€World€coarse€grain€trade€decreased€8.8€mmt€to€88.4Ïmmt,€while€corn€trade€fell€nearly€5€mmt€to€66.2€mmt.€€Competition€for€U.S.€corn€reboundedÏslightly€in€1995/96€as€China€remained€a€net€importer€of€1.35€mmt.€€The€U.S.€corn€was€able€toÏmove€not€only€to€China,€but€to€other€Asian€markets€where€Chinese€corn€had€historicallyÏdisplaced€U.S.€corn€export€opportunities.ÌÌòòÌÌÌActions€Taken€by€Other€CountriesóóÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àMexico€raised€the€tariff€rate€quota€for€corn€to€record€levels,€allowing€record€exports€ofÏU.S.€corn€to€enter€Mexico€duty„free.€€China,€by€continuing€its€ban€on€corn€exports€(except€forÏcorn€exports€from€surplus€northern€provinces€to€deficit€southern€provinces)€and€establishing€a€netÏimport€position€for€the€second€year€in€a€row,€enabled€U.S.€corn€to€enter€many€Asian€marketsÏvirtually€free€of€competition.€€ÌÌÌÌÌÌò òRiceó óÐ h+¸&* ЇòòDomestic€SituationóóÐ ° ÐÌà  àU.S.€1995/96€rice€production€(rough€basis)€fell€by€1.1€mmt€to€7.9€mmt.€€DomesticÏUtilization€(milled€basis)€reached€3.5€mmt€and€exports€totaled€2.7€mmt,€leaving€carry„out€stocksÏof€816,000€tons,€a€decline€of€200,000€tons.€€ÌÌòòWorld€Supply€and€TradeóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àWorld€production€(rough€basis)€increased€9€mmt€to€a€record€550€mmt.€€Stocks€fell€1.3Ïmmt€(milled€basis)€to€48€mmt€or€12.9€percent€of€consumption.€€World€trade€forecasts€of€18.9Ïmmt€for€calendar€year€1996€are€the€second€highest€level€ever,€following€1995's€21€mmt€in€trade.ÏIndia€solidified€its€position€as€the€worldððs€second€largest€exporter€(behind€Thailand)€with€totalÏexports€of€3.25€mmt,€while€Vietnam€displaced€the€United€States€as€the€third€largest€exporter€withÏ2.8€mmt€in€exports.€€While€1995/96€witnessed€no€large€scale€crop€failures€among€major€riceÏconsumers€for€the€first€time€ever,€five€nations€(Bangladesh,€Brazil,€Indonesia,€Iran,€and€theÏPhilippines)€imported€1€mmt€or€more€of€rice.ÌÌòòAction€Taken€By€Other€CountriesóóÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àOpportunities€for€U.S.€rice€sales€increased€markedly€following€the€opening€of€riceÏmarkets€in€South€Korea€and€Japan€under€the€terms€of€the€Uruguay€Round€agreements.€ÌÌÌÒ°Òò òSoybeans€and€Productsó óÐ ä4 ÐÌòòDomestic€SituationóóÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àU.S.€soybean€production€declined€9.9€mmt€in€1995€to€58.6€mmt.€€Soybean€acreageÏincreased€as€wet€weather€forced€some€growers€to€forgo€grain€plantings€and€switch€to€soybeans.€ÏHowever,€yields€declined€16€percent€from€record€levels€in€1994€due€to€more€normal€growing€Ìconditions€and€early€frosts€in€the€upper€Midwest.€€U.S.€soybean€exports€in€1995/96€reached€22.9Ïmmt,€up€less€than€one€percent€from€last€yearððs€good€showing.€€Soybean€crush€declined€3€percent€toÏ37.1€mmt€while€ending€stocks€declined€49€percent€to€4.6€mmt.ÌÌà  àTotal€soybean€meal€consumption€in€the€United€States€rose€1€percent€to€24.4€mmt€as€highÏgrain€prices€helped€maintain€the€demand€for€soybean€meal€in€feed€rations.€€However,€high€mealÏprices€kept€the€increase€to€a€minimum.€€€Exports€of€soybean€meal€declined€14€percent€to€5.3€mmtÏin€1995/96€as€average€prices€rose€nearly€50€percent€over€a€year€earlier.ÌÌà  àU.S.€soybean€prices€for€1995/96€(Central€ILL.€cash,€Sept.„Aug.)€averaged€$266/MT,€a€30Ïpercent€increase€over€the€1994/95€level.€€The€increase€in€soybean€prices€in€1995/96€is€in€responseÏto€an€increased€demand€for€soybeans€and€soybean€meal€resulting€from€tight€feed€grain€supplies€andÏhigher€grain€prices.€€Soybean€meal€prices€rose€48€percent€in€1995/96€(Decatur,€ILL.,€48%€protein)Ð h+¸&* Ðto€$251/MT.€€In€contrast,€soybean€oil€prices€(Decatur,€ILL.)€for€the€same€period€declined€10Ïpercent€to€$549/MT.€€Reduced€export€demand€for€U.S.€soybean€oil,€particularly€in€China,€andÏincreased€competition€from€palm€oil€led€to€this€yearððs€lower€prices.ÌòòÌWorld€Oilseeds€and€Products€Supply€and€TradeóóÐ `° ÐÌà  àTotal€world€oilseed€production€declined€3€percent€in€1995/96€to€254.0€mmt.€€SoybeanÏproduction€at€123.6€mmt,€down€10€percent€from€1994/95,€accounted€for€most€of€this€yearððs€decline,Ïwith€smaller€reductions€in€peanut€and€copra€production.€€Increases€in€cottonseed,€up€4€percent€toÏ34.4€mmt,€sunflowerseed,€up€10€percent€to€25.8€mmt,€and€rapeseed€production,€up€14€percent€toÏ34.6€mmt,€helped€counter€some€of€the€decline€in€soybean€production.€€Higher€rapeseed€productionÏin€Canada,€the€European€Union,€Poland,€and€India€more€than€offset€lower€production€in€China€inÏ1995/96.€€€Increased€sunflowerseed€production€in€the€Former€Soviet€Union,€up€41€percent€to€7.4Ïmmt,€and€in€Eastern€Europe€led€to€the€increase€in€total€world€1995/96€production.€€World€oilseedÏexports€for€1995/96€were€2€percent€lower€reflecting€a€reduction€in€soybean€and€rapeseed€exports.€ÏWorld€soybean€exports€were€down€1€percent€to€31.9€mmt.€€The€United€States€captured€a€slightlyÏlarger€share€of€soybeans€exports€as€Brazilððs€exports€declined€due€to€lower€production€and€increasedÏdomestic€use.€World€rapeseed€exports,€primarily€by€Canada,€declined€7€percent€to€5.5€mmt.ÌÌà  àWorld€protein€meal€production€increased€2€percent€in€1995/96€to€145.3€mmt.€€ProductionÏincreases€were€noted€for€most€major€protein€meals€in€1995/96,€with€declines€limited€to€worldÏpeanut,€copra,€and€fishmeal€production.€€World€protein€meal€exports€rose€€slightly€in€1995/96€toÏ48.1€mmt€due€to€a€2„percent€increase€in€soybean€meal€exports.€€Brazil,€Argentina,€and€IndiaÏincreased€soybean€meal€exports€in€1995/96.ÌÌà  àWorld€vegetable€and€marine€oil€production€increased€3€percent€in€1995/96€to€71.3€mmt.€ÏIncreases€were€noted€for€most€major€oils€with€soybean€oil€up€1€percent€to€20.0€mmt€and€palm€oilÏproduction€up€5€percent€to€15.5€mmt.€€Declines€were€limited€to€fish,€olive,€coconut,€and€peanut€oilÏproduction.€€Vegetable€and€marine€oil€trade€declined€in€1995/96€with€lower€soybean€and€rapeseed€Ìoil€trade.€€World€soybean€oil€exports€declined€13€percent€to€5.3€mmt€while€rapeseed€oil€exportsÏdeclined€10€percent€to€2.3€mmt.€€Chinaððs€vegetable€oil€imports€declined€24€percent€from€theÏprevious€yearððs€record€level€to€3€mmt€in€1995/96€with€rapeseed€and€palm€oil€accounting€for€mostÏof€the€decline.ÌÌÒ°Òò òCottonó óÐ $X" ÐÌòòDomestic€SituationÐ à%0!$ ÐóóÌà  àCotton€production€in€MY€1995/96€approached€19.7€million€bales,€down€9€percent€fromÏthe€previous€seasonððs€record.€€The€decline€was€due€to€below€average€yields€in€several€growing€Ìregions.€€Upland€cotton€production,€at€17.5€million€bales,€was€1.8€million€bales€below€theÏ1994/95€level.€€American„Pima€production€totaled€368€thousand€bales,€up€9€percent€fromÏ1994/95.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àThe€area€planted€to€all€cotton€totaled€16.9€million€acres,€a€6€percent€increase€from€theÏprevious€year.€€Harvested€area,€at€16.0€million€acres,€was€up€20€percent€from€the€previous€year.€ÏAbandonment€of€upland€cotton€acreage€during€1995/96€totaled€6€percent,€up€from€3€percent€aÏyear€earlier.€€Upland€yields€averaged€533€pounds€per€acre,€172€pounds€below€yields€realized€theÏprevious€year.ÌÌà  àTotal€cotton€mill€use€during€1995/96€was€10.6€million€bales,€down€from€11.2€million€theÏprevious€year.€€Upland€cotton€use,€at€10.5€million€bales,€was€down€5€percent.€€American„PimaÏconsumption€Ô#†X»ØXX(Xvew#ÔÔ‡)XveXXX»ØÔwas€€estimated€at€100€thousand€bales.€€Total€marketing€year€1995/96€exports€areÐ  ` Ðestimated€at€7.7€million€bales,€down€18€percent€from€the€previous€season.€€According€to€U.S.ÏCensus€data,€the€largest€shipments€during€1995/96€were€to€China,€Japan,€Indonesia,€Korea,€andÏMexico.€€United€States€ending€stocks€for€1995/96€were€estimated€at€2.6€million€bales,€down€50Ïthousand€bales€from€the€previous€year.€ÌÌà  àInternational€cotton€prices€in€1995/96€were€lower€than€the€previous€season,€with€theÏCotton€A„Index€(average€of€5€lowest€c.i.f.€Northern€Europe€quotes)€averaging€85.55€cents€perÏpound.€€The€A„Index€reached€its€highest€level€in€September€1995€with€a€monthly€average€ofÏ91.18€cents€per€pound,€while€the€season's€lowest€prices€were€in€July€1996€when€the€A„IndexÏaveraged€78.80€cents€per€pound.ÌÌòòWorld€Supply€and€TradeóóÐ  p ÐÌà  àWorld€1995/96€cotton€production€is€estimated€at€91.5€million€bales,€up€7€percent€from€theÏprevious€season.€€Foreign€production€is€estimated€at€73.6€million€bales,€up€12€percent.€€TheÏ1995/96€season€was€characterized€by€larger€crops€in€major€producing€countries€including€China,ÏGreece,€India,€Pakistan,€and€Turkey.€€World€consumption€for€1995/96€is€estimated€at€85.0Ïmillion€bales,€up€slightly€from€the€previous€year.€€The€decline€in€U.S.€consumption€was€offset€by€Ìincreases€in€consumption€for€Pakistan€and€India.€€Exports€for€1995/96€totaled€27.6€million€bales,Ïdown€3€percent€from€the€previous€year.€€Increased€exports€from€the€Franc„Zone€Africa,€Australia,Ïand€Pakistan€were€more€than€offset€by€decreased€exports€from€the€United€States€and€Uzbekistan.ÌÌà  àWorld€ending€stocks€for€1995/96€are€estimated€at€34.9€million€bales,€19€percent€higherÏthan€the€previous€year's€estimate.€€Reflecting€the€increase€in€world€production€for€the€second€yearÏin€a€row,€stocks€were€rebuilt€in€China€by€4.7€million€bales€alone.€€Stocks€were€drawn€downÏslightly€in€the€United€States,€Pakistan,€and€the€European€Union€to€meet€strong€world€demand€forÏcotton.€ÌÌò òÌÌHides€and€SkinsÌó óÌòòDomestic€SituationóóÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àIn€1995,€the€United€States€produced€1.15€mmt€of€raw€cattle€hides€and€skins,Ïapproximately€30€percent€of€total€world€production.€€The€United€States€exported€approximatelyÏ54€percent€of€its€production€to€foreign€markets,€mostly€in€the€form€of€whole€cattle€hides.€€ExportsÏfor€1995€totaled€20€million€whole€hides€valued€at€nearly€$1.22€billion,€up€from€17.9€million€hidesÏvalued€at€$1.06€million€a€year€earlier.€€Strong€prices€and€demand€in€1995€resulted€in€exports€ofÏ5.21€million€pieces€or€$194€million€worth€of€calfskins,€up€from€4.66€million€pieces€or€$182Ïmillion€worth€of€calfskins€the€previous€year.ÌÌà  àIn€1995,€Korea,€Japan,€Taiwan,€and€China€purchased€83€percent€of€total€U.S.€exports€ofÏwhole€cattle€hides.€€Korea€was€the€largest€purchaser€of€U.S.€whole€cattle€hides,€buying€about€8.3Ïmillion€hides€or€41€percent€of€total€U.S.€exports.€€Although€Koreaððs€imports€increased€in€1995,Ïthey€are€still€perceived€as€a€declining€market.€€Nevertheless,€Korea€has€been€a€steady€purchaser,Ïwith€imports€ranging€between€7.5€million€and€10.3€million€whole€cattle€hides€per€year€for€each€ofÏthe€last€nine€years.€€Japan€was€the€second€largest€purchaser€of€U.S.€hides,€buying€3.2€millionÏwhole€cattle€hides,€slightly€higher€than€1994's€imports.€€Taiwan€imported€3€million€U.S.€hides,€upÏ21€percent€from€a€year€earlier.ÌÔ#†X»ØXX)Xve}Ÿ#ÔòòÌÔ‡*XveXXX»ØÔWorld€Supply€and€TradeÐ 8ˆ ÐóóÌà  àHides€and€skins€production€for€the€31€major€countries€reported€by€USDA€has€beenÏrelatively€constant€over€the€last€9€years.€€Production€increased€from€1988€to€1990,€then€declinedÌin€1991€through€1994€because€of€a€down€turn€in€Eastern€Europe€and€Russia.€€ProductionÏincreased€in€1995,€because€of€an€upturn€in€output€in€South€America€and€the€United€States€whichÏoffset€the€decline€in€Russian€production.€€In€1996,€production€is€projected€to€continue€its€upwardÏtrend,€as€the€increases€in€South€America€and€the€United€State€continue€to€offset€the€declines€inÏRussia.ÌÌà  àTrade€in€raw€hides€and€skins€between€major€countries€in€1995€increased€7€percentÏcompared€to€1994.€€Increases€in€exports€were€experienced€by€the€United€States,€South€America,Ïthe€European€Union,€and€Australia€offsetting€the€declines€in€Russia.€€Korea€and€Japan,€whichÏtogether€account€for€nearly€35€percent€of€the€worldððs€trade€in€raw€hides,€are€expected€to€continueÏdecreasing€import€levels€in€1996€and€1997.€€Korea€and€Japanððs€declining€share€of€the€world€hideÏtrade€reflects€not€only€pollution€concerns,€but€the€increasing€competition€from€leatherÏmanufactures€in€less€developed€countries,€particularly€China€and€Southeast€Asia.ÌÌò òÌÌÌÌWood€ProductsÌó óÌòòDomestic€SituationóóÐ X*¨%) Ðâ âÐ D+”&* Ðà  àResidential€construction,€which€generally€accounts€for€more€than€one„third€of€theÏâ âsoftwood€lumber€and€plywood€consumed€annually€in€the€United€States,€as€well€as€a€substantialÏportion€of€other€softwood€and€hardwood€products,€was€up€7€percent€on€a€seasonally€adjustedÏannual€basis€in€1996,€to€an€estimated€1.45€million€units.€€Mortgage€rates€averaged€around€8.25Ïpercent€in€late€August,€still€low€by€historical€standards.€€Housing€starts€through€the€first€sevenÏmonths€of€1996€totaled€836,300€units;€80€percent€of€which€was€single„family€housing.€€ÌÌà  àThe€upturn€in€the€construction€sector€pushed€the€prices€of€some€construction„relatedÏwood€products€higher€in€1996.€€In€mid„August,€the€composite€lumber€price€for€framing€lumberÏstood€at€$442€per€thousand€board€feet,€compared€to€$331€per€thousand€board€feet€the€same€timeÏlast€year.€€It€is€expected€that€lumber€prices€will€remain€relatively€high,€given€the€generallyÏfavorable€economic€outlook€and€the€continued€controversy€surrounding€timber€harvesting€onÏnational€forests€in€the€Pacific€Northwest€and€elsewhere.€€Structural€panel€prices,€as€reflected€byÏthe€structural€panel€composite€price,€remained€relatively€stable€in€1996€because€of€a€significantÏincrease€in€new€oriented€strand€board€capacity€in€the€United€States€and€Canada.€€Log€prices€wereÏgenerally€lower€in€1996.ÌÔ‡*ôᤠõX*XveÔÌÔ#†*XveX õ*ôᤸ#Ôà  àU.S.€wood€products€exports,€after€posting€a€modest€gain€in€1995,€declined€in€1996,€to€anÐ 6† Ðestimated€$7€billion.€€Much€of€the€decline€was€in€exports€of€logs€to€Japan.€€Wood€productÏimports€were€an€estimated€record€$9.6€billion€in€1996.€€U.S.€exports€of€softwood€logs€decreasedÏsubstantially€in€1996,€to€an€estimated€9.8€million€cubic€meters€(mòò3óó)€from€11.6€million€mòò3óó€inÐ úJ Ð1995.€€Significant€reductions€were€registered€in€exports€to€both€Japan€and€Canada,€our€largestÏoverseas€markets.€€U.S.€exports€of€softwoodÔ#†X»ØXX*XveN­#ÔÔ‡XveXXX»ØÔ€logs€to€Japan€totaled€an€estimated€7.0€million€mòò3€óóinÐ Ò" Ð1996,€compared€to€13.4€million€mòò3óó€in€1989.€€Despite€the€significant€drop€in€the€volume€of€U.S.Ð ¾ Ðsoftwood€log€exports€to€Japan€over€this€period,€there€has€been€little€change€(less€than€5€percent)Ïin€the€proportion€of€U.S.€softwood€log€exports€to€total€U.S.€wood€products€exports€on€a€valueÏbasis.€€Softwood€logs€still€account€for€over€50€percent€of€U.S.€exports€to€Japan€on€a€value€basis.€ÏDemand€for€U.S.€softwood€logs€in€Japan€is€expected€to€remain€relatively€steady€over€the€near„¼term,€however,€due€to€the€reduced€availability€of€tropical€logs.ÌÌà  àU.S.€hardwood€log€exports€declined€to€slightly€less€than€1.1€million€mòò3óó€in€1996,€from€1.2Ð 2 ‚ Ðmillion€mòò3óó€in€1995,€because€of€continuing€problems€in€several€end„use€markets,€most€notablyÐ !n Ðover€capacity€in€the€furniture€sector€in€Europe.€€Importers€in€several€European€countries€haveÏalso€turned€to€importing€semi„finished€and€finished€products€because€of€rising€production€costs.ÌÌà  àU.S.€imports€of€both€softwood€and€hardwood€logs€increased€in€1996,€but€still€representÏonly€a€small€percentage€of€the€softwood€and€hardwood€logs€consumed€annually€in€the€UnitedÏStates.ÌÌòòWorld€Supply€and€TradeÐ ~(Î#' ÐóóÌà  àIndications€are€that€worldwide€sawlog€and€veneer€log€production€declined€slightly€inÏ1996,€a€reflection€of€increased€environmental€pressure€around€the€world€to€reduce€harvest€levelsÏto€sustainable€levels€and€to€eliminate€harvesting€of€primary€forests.€€Discussions€on€how€toÐ .,~'+ Ðdefine€sustainable€forest€management€and,€equally€important,€how€to€measure€a€country'sÏprogress€toward€sustainable€forest€management€are€ongoing€under€the€auspices€of€the€U.N.ÏCommission€on€Sustainable€Developmentððs€Intergovernmental€Panel€on€Forests.€€The€outcomeÏof€these€discussions€could€have€a€significant€impact€on€harvest€levels,€and,€consequently,€theÏvolume€of€wood€products€that€enters€international€trade.€Ì€ÌòòActions€Taken€by€Other€Nations€in€1995/96óóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àOn€May€29,€1996,€the€United€States€and€Canada€entered€into€an€agreement€on€the€trade€ofÏsoftwood€lumber.€€This€agreement€caps€Canadian€softwood€lumber€exports€to€the€United€StatesÏat€14.7€billion€board€feet€annually,€9€percent€below€the€record€16.2€billion€board€feet€in€1995.€ÏSoftwood€lumber€exports€in€excess€of€that€amount€will€be€subject€to€an€export€tax€of€$50€perÏthousand€board€feet€for€the€first€650€million€board€feet€above€the€14.7€billion€board€foot€quota,Ïand€$100€per€thousand€board€feet€for€amounts€in€excess€of€15.35€billion€board€feet.€€ExportsÏfrom€the€maritime€provinces,€Manitoba,€and€Saskatchewan€are€exempt€from€the€export€tax.€€It€isÏunclear€what€effect€the€agreement€will€have€on€lumber€prices€in€that€the€agreement€has€a€clauseÏto€allow€increased€tax„free€imports€if€lumber€prices€rise€above€a€certain€level.ÌÐ  \¬ ÐÔ#†X»ØXXXve¹º#ÔÑX°ÑÑX°ÑÓ  ÓÔ€ôôg õXX»ØÔ€€ALL€GRAIN€SUMMARYÐ X ÐPRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION,€STOCKS€AND€TRADEÌTOTAL€FOREIGN€COUNTRIES,€USA,€AND€TOTAL€WORLDÌ(MILLION€METRIC€TONS)ÌÓׯÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97ÌWHEAT€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌAll€Foreign€CountriesÌ€€€€Production€€€€€€€€€494.7€€€494.1€€€461.6€€€476.5€€€517.0Ì€€€€Consumption€€€€€€€€519.2€€€528.2€€€513.7€€€518.2€€€531.1Ì€€€€Ending€Stocks€€€€€€130.3€€€126.6€€€104.3€€€€94.5€€€103.7ÌUSAÌ€€€€Production€€€€€€€€€€67.1€€€€65.2€€€€63.2€€€€59.5€€€€62.5Ì€€€€Imports€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1.9€€€€€3.2€€€€€2.4€€€€€1.7€€€€€1.9Ì€€€€Consumption€€€€€€€€€30.7€€€€33.7€€€€35.0€€€€31.1€€€€35.7Ì€€€€Exports€€€€€€€€€€€€€37.1€€€€33.1€€€€32.2€€€€33.6€€€€25.0Ì€€€€Ending€Stocks€€€€€€€14.4€€€€15.5€€€€13.8€€€€10.2€€€€13.8ÌWorld€Total,€Trade€€€€€112.7€€€100.2€€€€96.5€€€€91.9€€€€88.6ÌÌRICEÌAll€Foreign€CountriesÌ€€€€Production€€€€€€€€€349.8€€€350.3€€€358.9€€€365.6€€€370.1Ì€€€€Consumption€€€€€€€€354.6€€€355.5€€€364.2€€€369.2€€€373.4ÌUSAÌ€€€€Production€€€€€€€€€€€5.7€€€€€5.2€€€€€6.5€€€€€5.7€€€€€5.6Ì€€€€Imports€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.2€€€€€0.2€€€€€0.2€€€€€0.3€€€€€0.3Ì€€€€Consumption€€€€€€€€€€3.0€€€€€3.3€€€€€3.3€€€€€3.5€€€€€3.5Ì€€€€Exports€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.6€€€€€2.8€€€€€3.1€€€€€2.7€€€€€2.3ÌWorld€Total,€Trade€€€€€€14.9€€€€16.5€€€€21.0€€€€18.9€€€€18.3ÌÌTOTAL€COARSE€GRAINSÌAll€Foreign€CountriesÌ€€€€Production€€€€€€€€€591.7€€€611.5€€€583.1€€€585.6€€€611.1Ì€€€€Consumption€€€€€€€€642.1€€€651.7€€€649.6€€€658.2€€€664.9ÌUSAÌ€€€€Production€€€€€€€€€277.4€€€186.5€€€284.9€€€209.4€€€254.2Ì€€€€Imports€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1.5€€€€€4.6€€€€€3.1€€€€€2.3€€€€€3.0Ì€€€€Consumption€€€€€€€€198.7€€€185.9€€€207.9€€€180.3€€€190.7Ì€€€€Exports€€€€€€€€€€€€€50.1€€€€40.0€€€€65.7€€€€59.6€€€€58.0Ì€€€€Ending€Stocks€€€€€€€63.1€€€€27.4€€€€45.3€€€€14.5€€€€22.2ÌWorld€Total,€Trade€€€€€€91.7€€€€85.6€€€€97.0€€€€88.4€€€€88.9ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€GRAIN,€INCLUDING€RICEÌAll€Foreign€CountriesÌ€€€€Production€€€€€€€1,436.1€1,455.9€1,403.5€1,427.6€1,498.2Ì€€€€Consumption€€€€€€1,515.9€1,535.5€1,527.6€1,545.6€1,569.4ÌUSAÌ€€€€Production€€€€€€€€€350.3€€€256.9€€€354.6€€€274.6€€€322.2Ì€€€€Imports€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3.6€€€€€8.0€€€€€5.8€€€€€4.3€€€€€5.2Ì€€€€Exports€€€€€€€€€€€€€89.9€€€€75.9€€€101.0€€€€95.9€€€€85.3ÌWorld€Total,€Trade€€€€€219.3€€€202.3€€€214.5€€€199.3€€€195.8ÌÌTrade€data€are€reported€on€an€international€year€basis.€€All€other€data€areÏreported€using€marketing€years.€€Rice€production€data€is€on€a€milled€basis.ÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ  ˆ.0,8 ÐÌWORLD€WHEAT,€FLOUR€AND€PRODUCTS€TRADEÌJULY/JUNE€YEARÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ‰ÐÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌEXPORTS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,326€€€4,492€€€7,830€€€4,400€€€9,000ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9,532€€12,751€€€7,774€€12,100€€14,000ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€21,735€€18,728€€20,850€€16,200€€18,500ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€31€€€€€€28€€€€€€77€€€1,600€€€€€300ÌKazakstan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,800€€€5,500€€€3,500€€€3,000€€€3,000ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€2,490€€€2,019€€€1,700€€€€€200€€€€€€€0ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,636€€€1,194€€€1,804€€€€€800€€€€€800ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€23,687€€20,066€€16,800€€12,500€€14,000ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€€1,300€€€€€328€€€2,314€€€4,585€€€1,460ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,038€€€2,015€€€1,632€€€2,950€€€2,500Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€75,575€€67,121€€64,281€€58,335€€63,560ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€37,136€€33,084€€32,208€€33,594€€25,000ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€112,711€100,205€€96,489€€91,929€€88,560ÌÌIMPORTSÌAlgeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,800€€€4,813€€€4,500€€€3,000€€€3,500ÌBangladesh€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,040€€€1,065€€€1,718€€€1,200€€€1,200ÌBolivia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€432€€€€€424€€€€€430€€€€€400€€€€€400ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,831€€€5,769€€€6,600€€€5,600€€€5,200ÌBelarus€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€950€€€€€900€€€€€550€€€€€450€€€€€275ÌChile€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€536€€€€€790€€€€€615€€€€€700€€€€€700ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,719€€€4,310€€10,235€€12,000€€€7,000ÌColombia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€883€€€€€920€€€€€850€€€€€950€€€€€900ÌCuba€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€898€€€1,083€€€€€950€€€€€700€€€€€900ÌEcuador€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€398€€€€€404€€€€€400€€€€€400€€€€€400ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,004€€€5,866€€€5,850€€€6,000€€€6,000ÌGeorgia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€700€€€€€850€€€€€700€€€€€600€€€€€600ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,980€€€€€€83€€€€€€28€€€€€€35€€€€€€35ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,651€€€2,925€€€3,818€€€3,450€€€4,000ÌIran€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,982€€€3,537€€€3,182€€€3,000€€€3,500ÌIraq€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€420€€€€€737€€€€€650€€€€€600€€€1,000ÌIsrael€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€730€€€1,369€€€€€950€€€€€750€€€€€800ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,919€€€6,095€€€6,309€€€6,300€€€6,300ÌJordan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€576€€€€€734€€€€€730€€€€€725€€€€€600ÌKorea,€North€€€€€€€€€€€€€333€€€€€105€€€€€100€€€€€100€€€€€€50ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€3,994€€€5,647€€€4,293€€€2,500€€€3,000ÌLebanon€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€311€€€€€419€€€€€375€€€€€400€€€€€400ÌLibya€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€998€€€1,123€€€1,167€€€€€750€€€€€750ÌMalaysia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€942€€€1,327€€€1,153€€€€€900€€€1,250ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,350€€€1,828€€€1,370€€€1,500€€€1,750ÌMorocco€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,811€€€2,403€€€1,215€€€2,350€€€1,000ÌNigeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€875€€€€€816€€€€€550€€€€€600€€€€€700ÌPakistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,785€€€2,085€€€2,107€€€1,900€€€2,200ÌPeru€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,057€€€1,338€€€1,200€€€1,000€€€1,300ÌPhilippines€€€€€€€€€€€€1,992€€€2,217€€€2,050€€€2,100€€€2,000ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€14,470€€€5,000€€€1,560€€€4,100€€€2,500ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€€€957€€€€€598€€€€€751€€€€€675€€€€€400Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐSri€Lanka€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€858€€€€€825€€€€€942€€€1,050€€€1,000ÌSudan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€205€€€€€533€€€€€475€€€€€300€€€€€200ÌSyria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€732€€€€€520€€€€€240€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌTaiwan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€929€€€€€916€€€€€895€€€€€900€€€€€900ÌTunisia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€615€€€€€806€€€1,510€€€€€900€€€€€500ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€977€€€€€644€€€€€474€€€1,350€€€€€500ÌUkraine€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,225€€€€€100€€€€€265€€€€€100€€€€€200ÌUzbekistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,200€€€3,500€€€2,250€€€1,500€€€1,500ÌVenezuela€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,126€€€1,037€€€1,141€€€1,000€€€1,050ÌVietnam€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€382€€€€€371€€€€€400€€€€€325€€€€€425ÌYemen€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,621€€€1,784€€€1,926€€€2,000€€€2,000ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,442€€€1,343€€€2,095€€€2,300€€€2,100ÌO.W.€Europe€€€€€€€€€€€€€€640€€€€€508€€€€€560€€€€€500€€€€€600ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€€3,495€€€2,516€€€1,585€€€€€939€€€1,475ÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€1,857€€€3,161€€€2,390€€€1,748€€€1,900ÌÌ€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€96,628€€86,144€€84,104€€80,747€€75,060ÌÌOther€Countries€€€€€€€11,906€€12,007€€10,907€€10,498€€10,475ÌUnaccounted€€€€€€€€€€€€4,177€€€2,054€€€1,478€€€€€684€€€3,025ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€112,711€100,205€€96,489€€91,929€€88,560ÌÌÌÌÌÐ  Ü„ ÐÓ  ÓWORLD€WHEAT€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌLOCAL€MARKETING€YEARSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ0áÓ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌPRODUCTION€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌAlgeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,750€€€1,100€€€€€750€€€1,250€€€2,200ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9,800€€€9,700€€11,300€€€8,600€€14,000ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€16,184€€16,479€€€8,903€€16,975€€19,500ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,739€€€2,107€€€2,185€€€1,511€€€3,000ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€29,871€€27,232€€23,122€€25,432€€29,800ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€101,590€106,390€€99,300€102,000€107,000ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€55,690€€57,210€€59,840€€65,470€€66,000ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€759€€€€€638€€€€€565€€€€€444€€€€€440ÌKazakstan€€€€€€€€€€€€€18,285€€11,659€€€9,052€€€6,490€€10,000ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,127€€€3,596€€€4,151€€€3,460€€€3,200ÌMorocco€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,562€€€1,573€€€5,523€€€1,100€€€5,900ÌPakistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€15,684€€16,157€€15,212€€17,002€€17,000ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€46,170€€43,500€€32,100€€30,100€€37,000ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€4,070€€€3,600€€€2,679€€€2,000€€€1,300ÌSyria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,800€€€3,400€€€3,700€€€4,000€€€4,300ÌTunisia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,584€€€1,400€€€€€500€€€€€530€€€2,000ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€15,500€€16,500€€14,700€€15,500€€16,500ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€87,719€€82,930€€84,541€€86,157€€96,750ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€26,430€€30,620€€33,962€€34,669€€27,160ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€53,358€€58,265€€49,466€€53,760€€53,972Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€494,672€494,056€461,551€476,450€517,022ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€67,135€€65,220€€63,167€€59,481€€62,478ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€561,807€559,276€524,718€535,931€579,500ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌAlgeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,400€€€5,313€€€5,500€€€5,100€€€5,500ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,200€€€4,100€€€3,907€€€3,616€€€4,500ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,839€€€8,000€€€8,100€€€8,100€€€8,100ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8,135€€€9,340€€€7,835€€€8,403€€€8,500ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€109,054€110,646€110,525€113,000€113,000ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10,421€€10,516€€€9,950€€11,100€€11,200ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€55,559€€56,482€€57,660€€61,310€€63,500ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,400€€€6,471€€€6,509€€€6,550€€€6,350ÌMorocco€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,100€€€4,956€€€5,315€€€4,806€€€5,700ÌPakistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€17,405€€17,900€€18,125€€18,900€€19,700ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€56,617€€48,945€€42,626€€39,420€€38,700ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€15,000€€15,200€€15,213€€15,700€€16,000ÌUkraine€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€21,820€€19,211€€15,835€€16,700€€16,460ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€65,270€€72,178€€73,291€€77,193€€79,986ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€30,955€€31,058€€31,197€€31,468€€29,510ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€100,000€107,925€102,126€€96,785€104,429Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€519,175€528,241€513,714€518,151€531,135ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€30,688€€33,738€€35,014€€31,138€€35,652ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€549,863€561,979€548,728€549,289€566,787ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,017€€€3,711€€€2,367€€€2,946€€€4,466Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€12,193€€11,117€€€5,679€€€6,633€€€9,558ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€24,134€€16,218€€12,208€€10,592€€15,451ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€88,998€€95,563€€84,030€€74,341€€74,193Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€130,342€126,609€104,284€€94,512€103,668ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€14,442€€15,472€€13,787€€10,201€€13,758ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€144,784€142,081€118,071€104,713€117,426ÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ   ®  ÐÌREGIONAL€WHEAT€IMPORTS,€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ;îÓÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌIMPORTSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€3,307€€€5,121€€€3,885€€€3,373€€€3,775ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€13,050€€13,877€€14,198€€12,750€€12,850ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,442€€€1,343€€€2,095€€€2,300€€€2,100ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€640€€€€€508€€€€€560€€€€€500€€€€€600ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€24,103€€13,520€€€7,687€€€8,890€€€7,285ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€3,495€€€2,516€€€1,585€€€€€939€€€1,475ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€9,312€€10,578€€€9,428€€€9,834€€€9,835ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€14,228€€15,011€€14,242€€13,000€€11,750ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€5,640€€€5,700€€€5,253€€€4,935€€€4,535ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€7,685€€€4,151€€€4,825€€€4,291€€€4,460ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€25,240€€25,363€€30,815€€30,050€€26,425ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€392€€€€€463€€€€€438€€€€€383€€€€€445ÌÌPRODUCTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€100,133€€96,048€€90,440€€88,373€€95,478ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€14,869€€14,244€€16,027€€12,222€€19,561ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€87,719€€82,930€€84,541€€86,157€€96,750ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€751€€€€€901€€€€€818€€€€€939€€€€€990ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€89,714€€83,363€€60,710€€59,781€€69,385ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€26,430€€30,620€€33,962€€34,669€€27,160ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€34,500€€36,578€€34,398€€34,821€€35,250ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€9,663€€€9,003€€11,033€€€8,130€€15,630ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€3,542€€€3,937€€€4,183€€€4,230€€€4,801ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€74,999€€77,118€€78,867€€86,242€€86,620ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€103,107€107,836€100,646€103,182€108,175ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€16,380€€16,698€€€9,093€€17,185€€19,700ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€43,225€€48,502€€48,169€€44,366€€48,977ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€21,560€€22,532€€22,510€€21,820€€22,495ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€65,270€€72,178€€73,291€€77,193€€79,986ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€1,491€€€1,489€€€1,553€€€1,538€€€1,590ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€102,024€€89,103€€76,910€€74,019€€73,252ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€30,955€€31,058€€31,197€€31,468€€29,510ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€38,862€€41,431€€42,598€€43,310€€44,875ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€24,268€€24,314€€24,302€€23,706€€25,480ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€9,148€€€9,060€€€9,398€€€9,150€€€9,286ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€78,534€€80,264€€81,992€€86,381€€89,045ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€128,243€132,597€131,759€131,782€132,952ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€4,763€€€4,761€€€4,537€€€4,189€€€5,140ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€27,085€€27,039€€20,033€€17,286€€23,893ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€1,842€€€2,200€€€2,507€€€1,309€€€1,575ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€24,134€€16,218€€12,208€€10,592€€15,451ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€810€€€€€730€€€€€555€€€€€456€€€€€456ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€30,568€€31,848€€19,383€€€9,935€€€9,353ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€3,504€€€5,252€€€6,788€€€6,868€€€4,533ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€9,864€€12,572€€10,351€€10,196€€€9,106Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€3,373€€€3,073€€€4,046€€€1,520€€€3,420ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€€€661€€€€€806€€€€€883€€€€€673€€€€€623ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€12,134€€13,108€€14,582€€18,064€€18,899ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€25,678€€25,404€€24,253€€24,753€€25,551ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€5,131€€€3,831€€€2,482€€€3,061€€€4,566ÌÌÌ1/€Includes€Canada,€Mexico,€and€the€United€States.Ì2/€Includes€Central€America,€Caribbean,€and€South€America.Ì3/€Includes€Azores,€Cyprus,€Iceland,€Malta€&€Gozo,€Norway,€and€Switzerland.Ì4/€Includes€Albania,€Bulgaria,€Czechia,€Hungary,€Poland,€Romania,€Slovakia,Ïand€former€Yugoslavia.Ì5/€Includes€Bahrain,€Iran,€Iraq,€Israel,€Jordan,€Kuwait,€Lebanon,€Oman,ÏQatar,€Saudi€Arabia,€Syria,€Turkey,€United€Arab€Emirates,€and€Yemen.Ì6/€Includes€Algeria,€Egypt,€Libya,€Morocco,€and€Tunisia.Ì7/€Includes€all€other€African€countries€except€North€Africa.Ì8/€Includes€Afghanistan,€Bangladesh,€Bhutan,€India,€Nepal,€Pakistan,€and€SriÏLanka.Ì9/€Includes€all€other€Asian€countries€except€South€Asia.Ì10/€Includes€Australia,€Fiji,€New€Zealand,€and€Papua€New€GuineaÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ  ´\ Ѐ€WORLD€RICE€TRADEÌ€€€€CALENDAR€YEARÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓÝýÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1993€€€€1994€€€€1995€€€€1996€€€€1997Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌEXPORTS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€276€€€€€215€€€€€350€€€€€395€€€€€425ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€540€€€€€570€€€€€519€€€€€615€€€€€625ÌBurma€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€223€€€€€619€€€€€645€€€€€400€€€€€500ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,374€€€1,519€€€€€€32€€€€€200€€€€€250ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€133€€€€€262€€€€€150€€€€€€75€€€€€€75ÌGuyana€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€122€€€€€183€€€€€203€€€€€225€€€€€225ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€625€€€€€600€€€4,201€€€3,250€€€3,000ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€469€€€€€225€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌPakistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€937€€€1,399€€€1,592€€€1,400€€€1,400ÌTaiwan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€101€€€€€117€€€€€189€€€€€125€€€€€€50ÌThailand€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,798€€€4,738€€€5,931€€€5,500€€€5,500ÌUruguay€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€451€€€€€396€€€€€470€€€€€500€€€€€450ÌVietnam€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,765€€€2,222€€€2,308€€€2,800€€€2,800ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€153€€€€€185€€€€€250€€€€€175€€€€€200ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€304€€€€€421€€€1,059€€€€€575€€€€€505Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€12,271€€13,671€€17,899€€16,235€€16,005ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€2,644€€€2,794€€€3,073€€€2,700€€€2,300ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€14,915€€16,465€€20,972€€18,935€€18,305ÌÌIMPORTSÌBangladesh€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€175€€€1,570€€€1,000€€€€€500ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€831€€€1,098€€€€€850€€€1,000€€€1,250ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€182€€€€€190€€€€€214€€€€€210€€€€€215ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€112€€€€€700€€€2,000€€€€€750€€€1,250ÌCuba€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€397€€€€€252€€€€€316€€€€€400€€€€€400ÌCote€d'Ivoire€€€€€€€€€€€€384€€€€€187€€€€€256€€€€€300€€€€€300ÌGhana€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€121€€€€€€90€€€€€106€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌGuinea€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€160€€€€€255€€€€€291€€€€€125€€€€€200ÌHaiti€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€147€€€€€140€€€€€191€€€€€175€€€€€175ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€22€€€€€950€€€3,000€€€1,250€€€1,500ÌIran€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,161€€€€€645€€€1,700€€€1,200€€€1,000ÌIraq€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€647€€€€€€64€€€€€€92€€€€€250€€€€€500ÌJamaica€&€Dep€€€€€€€€€€€€€75€€€€€€75€€€€€€74€€€€€€75€€€€€€75ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€107€€€2,473€€€€€€29€€€€€450€€€€€600ÌJordan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€86€€€€€127€€€€€€76€€€€€€90€€€€€€75ÌKorea,€North€€€€€€€€€€€€€112€€€€€€53€€€€€675€€€€€350€€€€€200ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€4€€€€€€13€€€€€100€€€€€350ÌLiberia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€73€€€€€€75€€€€€€17€€€€€€20€€€€€€25ÌMalaysia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€385€€€€€317€€€€€437€€€€€400€€€€€450ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€275€€€€€242€€€€€245€€€€€350€€€€€350ÌNigeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€382€€€€€300€€€€€450€€€€€350€€€€€350ÌPeru€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€336€€€€€220€€€€€258€€€€€400€€€€€300ÌPhilippines€€€€€€€€€€€€€€215€€€€€€€0€€€€€247€€€1,200€€€1,000ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€127€€€€€€48€€€€€122€€€€€150€€€€€100ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€€€859€€€€€698€€€€€615€€€€€750€€€€€750ÌSenegal€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€396€€€€€252€€€€€387€€€€€350€€€€€400ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€€€431€€€€€402€€€€€634€€€€€500€€€€€500ÌSri€Lanka€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€267€€€€€€39€€€€€€25€€€€€300€€€€€€50Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐSyria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€137€€€€€136€€€€€200€€€€€125€€€€€150ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€309€€€€€235€€€€€441€€€€€250€€€€€250ÌUAE€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€75€€€€€€80€€€€€€85€€€€€€85€€€€€€85ÌYemen€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€131€€€€€172€€€€€€68€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€444€€€€€725€€€€€550€€€€€600€€€€€500ÌO.W.€Europe€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€60€€€€€€60€€€€€€60€€€€€€60€€€€€€65ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€€€€213€€€€€127€€€€€172€€€€€130€€€€€160ÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€€€199€€€€€244€€€€€221€€€€€250€€€€€260ÌÌ€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€€9,859€€11,850€€16,687€€14,195€€14,535ÌÌOther€Countries€€€€€€€€3,117€€€2,854€€€3,294€€€2,843€€€2,826ÌUnaccounted€€€€€€€€€€€€1,939€€€1,761€€€€€991€€€1,897€€€€€944ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€14,915€€16,465€€20,972€€18,935€€18,305ÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ  Âj  ÐWORLD€RICE€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌLOCAL€MARKETING€YEARSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓë ÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌPRODUCTION€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€955€€€1,083€€€1,137€€€1,145€€€1,259ÌBangladesh€€€€€€€€€€€€27,513€€27,064€€25,252€€26,517€€27,003ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9,901€€10,515€€10,885€€€9,779€€10,294ÌBurma€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€13,400€€15,086€€16,000€€17,241€€18,000ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€186,220€177,700€175,930€185,214€185,714ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,908€€€4,198€€€4,565€€€3,387€€€4,032ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€109,313€120,462€121,752€121,452€123,012ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€48,182€€46,638€€49,846€€51,077€€52,308ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€13,216€€€9,793€€14,977€€13,435€€12,637ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€7,257€€€6,404€€€6,882€€€6,386€€€6,419ÌPakistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,674€€€5,993€€€5,171€€€5,701€€€5,701ÌPhilippines€€€€€€€€€€€€9,523€€€9,923€€10,475€€10,769€€10,769ÌTaiwan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,060€€€2,211€€€2,061€€€2,069€€€2,070ÌThailand€€€€€€€€€€€€€€19,917€€19,200€€21,400€€21,818€€21,515ÌVietnam€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€21,703€€24,315€€25,152€€26,364€€26,970ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,177€€€1,971€€€2,043€€€1,994€€€2,470ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€38,328€€37,338€€38,970€€38,279€€39,325Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€518,247€519,894€532,498€542,627€549,498ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€8,149€€€7,081€€€8,971€€€7,886€€€7,779ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€526,396€526,975€541,469€550,513€557,277ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌBangladesh€€€€€€€€€€€€18,586€€18,300€€17,780€€18,326€€18,500ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,750€€€7,900€€€8,100€€€8,150€€€8,200ÌBurma€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8,050€€€8,300€€€8,700€€€9,500€€€9,800ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€127,000€128,000€129,000€130,000€132,000ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,291€€€2,378€€€2,500€€€2,075€€€2,400ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€75,368€€76,045€€77,106€€79,710€€80,000ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€31,344€€32,107€€34,425€€35,000€€35,250ÌIran€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,600€€€2,550€€€2,700€€€2,900€€€3,000ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9,500€€€9,400€€€9,350€€€9,300€€€9,250ÌKorea,€North€€€€€€€€€€€1,512€€€1,153€€€2,075€€€1,650€€€1,500ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€5,400€€€5,300€€€5,300€€€5,200€€€5,100ÌPhilippines€€€€€€€€€€€€6,350€€€6,725€€€7,142€€€7,500€€€7,800ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€€€360€€€€€396€€€€€400€€€€€500€€€€€550ÌTaiwan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,500€€€1,475€€€1,450€€€1,450€€€1,450ÌThailand€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8,500€€€8,500€€€8,400€€€8,500€€€8,500ÌVietnam€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€12,559€€13,826€€14,302€€14,600€€15,000ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,768€€€1,786€€€1,835€€€1,812€€€1,833ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€34,199€€31,397€€33,636€€33,025€€33,274Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€354,637€355,538€364,201€369,198€373,407ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€2,964€€€3,323€€€3,256€€€3,462€€€3,491ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€357,601€358,861€367,457€372,660€376,898ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€820€€€1,045€€€1,347€€€€€847€€€€€897Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐBurma€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€856€€€€€687€€€€€622€€€€€722€€€€€862ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€29,602€€25,173€€21,292€€21,492€€20,492ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10,600€€14,230€€14,083€€12,083€€11,083ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,592€€€€€525€€€1,500€€€€€950€€€1,200ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€1,939€€€1,393€€€1,006€€€€€615€€€€€615ÌPakistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€861€€€1,324€€€€€711€€€€€611€€€€€611ÌPhilippines€€€€€€€€€€€€1,334€€€1,274€€€€€941€€€1,416€€€1,416ÌThailand€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€976€€€€€410€€€€€203€€€€€603€€€€€803ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,948€€€4,550€€€6,686€€€7,897€€€8,029Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€53,528€€50,611€€48,391€€47,236€€46,008ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€1,252€€€€€865€€€1,040€€€€€816€€€€€829ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€54,780€€51,476€€49,431€€48,052€€46,837ÌÌNOTES:€Production€is€on€a€rough€basis;€all€other€data€are€reported€on€aÏmilled€basis.ÌÌÌÐ  Vþ ÐÌÓ  ÓREGIONAL€RICE€IMPORTS,€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ¨ÓÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1993€€€€1994€€€€1995€€€€1996€€€€1997Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌIMPORTSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€€€656€€€€€676€€€€€680€€€€€810€€€€€825ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€1,992€€€2,250€€€2,266€€€2,588€€€2,666ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€444€€€€€725€€€€€550€€€€€600€€€€€500ÌOther€West.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€60€€€€€€60€€€€€€60€€€€€€60€€€€€€65ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€€€266€€€€€€71€€€€€212€€€€€230€€€€€195ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€€€213€€€€€127€€€€€172€€€€€130€€€€€160ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€3,599€€€2,370€€€3,534€€€3,010€€€3,135ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€€€172€€€€€176€€€€€€65€€€€€110€€€€€125ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€3,282€€€2,640€€€3,307€€€2,745€€€2,775ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€€€457€€€€€281€€€1,772€€€1,355€€€€€630ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€1,649€€€5,136€€€7,173€€€5,205€€€6,085ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€186€€€€€192€€€€€190€€€€€195€€€€€200ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97ÌPRODUCTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€8,449€€€7,291€€€9,356€€€8,156€€€8,049ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€17,554€€18,332€€19,850€€18,493€€19,154ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,177€€€1,971€€€2,043€€€1,994€€€2,470ÌOther€West.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€1,885€€€1,947€€€1,537€€€1,433€€€1,535ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€€€€96€€€€€€78€€€€€€76€€€€€€72€€€€€€61ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€2,670€€€3,003€€€3,309€€€3,349€€€3,659ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€3,955€€€4,237€€€4,628€€€3,419€€€4,095ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€12,505€€10,849€€10,776€€10,892€€11,078ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€147,055€159,652€158,613€159,609€161,937ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€329,095€318,532€330,144€341,951€343,980ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€955€€€1,083€€€1,137€€€1,145€€€1,259ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€3,626€€€3,998€€€3,970€€€4,197€€€4,231ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€13,079€€13,065€€13,625€€14,140€€14,215ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,768€€€1,786€€€1,835€€€1,812€€€1,833ÌOther€West.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€54€€€€€€60€€€€€€65€€€€€€60€€€€€€65ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€1,466€€€1,243€€€1,119€€€1,060€€€1,117ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€€€269€€€€€219€€€€€215€€€€€175€€€€€194ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€5,056€€€4,643€€€4,895€€€5,067€€€5,640ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€2,494€€€2,551€€€2,634€€€2,201€€€2,566ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€10,810€€10,019€€€9,613€€€9,871€€€9,650ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€100,269€101,035€101,733€104,883€105,325ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€216,296€219,328€224,663€227,302€230,384ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€425€€€€€441€€€€€453€€€€€470€€€€€480ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€1,418€€€€€936€€€1,113€€€€€894€€€€€912ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€1,588€€€1,742€€€2,386€€€1,797€€€1,888ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€259€€€€€201€€€€€230€€€€€171€€€€€231ÌOther€West.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€17€€€€€€17€€€€€€12€€€€€€12€€€€€€12ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€€€483€€€€€360€€€1,259€€€1,292€€€1,177ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€€€203€€€€€133€€€€€283€€€€€233€€€€€258ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€€€961€€€€€713€€€€€631€€€€€690€€€€€641ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€12,273€€16,257€€15,257€€13,917€€12,917ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€37,380€€30,994€€28,137€€28,994€€28,754ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€198€€€€€123€€€€€123€€€€€€52€€€€€€47ÌÌNOTES:€Footnotes€appear€at€the€end€of€the€Regional€Wheat€table.€ProductionÏis€on€a€rough€basis;€all€other€data€reported€on€a€milled€basis.ÌÌÓ  ÓÐ  < ä  ÐWORLD€COARSE€GRAIN€TRADEÌOCTOBER/SEPTEMBER€YEARÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ )ÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌEXPORTS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,029€€€4,855€€€6,363€€€7,325€€€6,625ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,887€€€4,954€€€1,489€€€4,260€€€3,560ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,122€€€5,588€€€4,331€€€4,260€€€5,600ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€13,014€€12,041€€€1,601€€€€€350€€€€€550ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€3,006€€€2,576€€€1,425€€€3,000ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€400€€€€€475€€€1,778€€€€€475€€€€€700ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€531€€€€€793€€€€€817€€€€€€80€€€€€755ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9,068€€10,080€€€8,108€€€5,100€€€6,550ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,566€€€3,778€€€4,294€€€5,559€€€3,550Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€41,617€€45,570€€31,357€€28,834€€30,890ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€50,101€€40,041€€65,671€€59,581€€58,026ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€91,718€€85,611€€97,028€€88,415€€88,916ÌÌIMPORTSÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€6€€€€€433€€€€€€30€€€€€€10ÌAlgeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,603€€€1,973€€€1,321€€€€€650€€€€€925ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,346€€€1,411€€€1,535€€€€€775€€€1,625ÌBelarus€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,060€€€€€450€€€€€386€€€€€270€€€€€150ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,193€€€€€586€€€1,113€€€€€510€€€€€710ÌChile€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€405€€€€€478€€€€€557€€€€€550€€€€€610ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€647€€€1,318€€€6,381€€€3,400€€€2,400ÌColombia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€506€€€1,164€€€1,374€€€1,209€€€1,240ÌCosta€Rica€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€313€€€€€376€€€€€409€€€€€350€€€€€400ÌDominican€Republic€€€€€€€654€€€€€658€€€€€684€€€€€650€€€€€675ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,757€€€2,211€€€2,624€€€2,825€€€2,900ÌIran€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,334€€€€€891€€€1,476€€€1,500€€€1,400ÌIsrael€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,420€€€1,076€€€1,234€€€1,100€€€1,200ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€22,103€€21,213€€21,174€€20,470€€21,020ÌJordan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€634€€€€€799€€€1,047€€€€€700€€€€€750ÌKorea,€North€€€€€€€€€€€€€383€€€€€258€€€€€120€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€6,716€€€5,778€€€8,966€€10,150€€€9,900ÌMalaysia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,957€€€1,977€€€2,400€€€2,300€€€2,600ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,511€€€4,872€€€5,832€€€7,680€€€6,780ÌMorocco€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€935€€€€€488€€€€€885€€€€€500€€€€€425ÌPeru€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€633€€€€€764€€€1,017€€€€€865€€€1,010ÌPoland€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,332€€€€€332€€€€€884€€€€€350€€€€€250ÌRomania€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€851€€€€€863€€€€€€80€€€€€€10€€€€€€10ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,162€€€3,160€€€€€809€€€1,050€€€€€500ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€4,761€€€5,579€€€3,935€€€3,850€€€5,100ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€2,230€€€€€€54€€€€€457€€€€€570€€€€€€20ÌTaiwan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,883€€€5,885€€€6,623€€€6,375€€€6,330ÌTunisia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€320€€€€€665€€€€€611€€€€€601€€€€€326ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€683€€€€€168€€€€€578€€€€€950€€€€€500ÌUzbekistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€510€€€€€305€€€€€222€€€€€255€€€€€255ÌVenezuela€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,139€€€€€963€€€1,170€€€1,101€€€1,201ÌYugoslavia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€170€€€€€135€€€€€190€€€€€€25€€€€€€€0ÌZimbabwe€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,360€€€€€€€0€€€€€€25€€€€€202€€€€€€€0ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,129€€€2,956€€€4,102€€€3,825€€€2,875Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐO.W.€Europe€€€€€€€€€€€€€€654€€€€€616€€€€€559€€€€€510€€€€€605ÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€1,515€€€4,640€€€3,144€€€2,295€€€3,035ÌÌ€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€80,814€€75,068€€84,357€€78,553€€77,837ÌÌOther€Countries€€€€€€€€8,562€€€8,006€€€8,226€€€7,457€€€7,932ÌUnaccounted€€€€€€€€€€€€2,342€€€2,537€€€4,445€€€2,405€€€3,147ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€91,718€€85,611€€97,028€€88,415€€88,916ÌÌÌÐ   ®  ÐÓ  ÓWORLD€COARSE€GRAIN€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌLOCAL€MARKETING€YEARSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓÌ6ÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌPRODUCTION€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8,251€€€9,842€€€5,017€€€9,097€€€8,435ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€14,079€€13,289€€13,395€€13,710€€15,415ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€29,856€€33,760€€37,758€€33,756€€33,830ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€19,626€€24,041€€23,394€€24,092€€28,850ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€108,640€117,840€113,680€126,340€128,050ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,285€€€5,885€€€6,580€€€6,663€€€6,720ÌHungary€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,273€€€5,352€€€6,200€€€6,308€€€6,695ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€36,779€€31,020€€30,080€€29,680€€33,600ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,650€€€5,400€€€5,200€€€5,300€€€5,500ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€22,269€€22,709€€20,605€€20,000€€22,000ÌPhilippines€€€€€€€€€€€€4,810€€€5,030€€€4,534€€€4,200€€€4,100ÌRomania€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9,049€€10,164€€10,762€€12,073€€10,805ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€10,731€€13,990€€€5,400€€11,288€€10,195ÌUkraine€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€15,585€€20,289€€18,526€€15,607€€10,830ÌYugoslavia€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,228€€€6,755€€€8,253€€€9,153€€€8,703ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€90,443€€92,429€€86,455€€88,281€101,074ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€197,142€193,687€187,295€170,022€176,285Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€591,696€611,482€583,134€585,570€611,087ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€277,416€186,453€284,886€209,419€254,161ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€869,112€797,935€868,020€794,989€865,248ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,687€€€8,519€€€7,601€€€7,560€€€7,860ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€31,023€€34,361€€36,596€€38,501€€37,735ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€16,836€€19,427€€21,389€€20,828€€21,520ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€99,667€109,167€116,628€126,290€131,390ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,042€€€7,951€€€8,904€€€9,700€€€9,670ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€35,391€€32,014€€30,215€€29,646€€33,280ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,900€€€6,151€€€6,847€€€6,870€€€7,200ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€22,468€€21,914€€21,658€€20,807€€21,312ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€7,276€€€6,282€€€9,148€€10,756€€10,405ÌMalaysia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,960€€€2,030€€€2,300€€€2,490€€€2,600ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€26,530€€27,426€€26,616€€27,685€€29,105ÌRomania€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€11,209€€10,826€€10,820€€10,860€€10,515ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€60,680€€54,496€€43,877€€35,977€€33,300ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€7,094€€€7,231€€€7,012€€€6,354€€€6,054ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€8,350€€€8,871€€€7,357€€€8,283€€€8,565ÌYugoslavia€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,890€€€7,061€€€7,799€€€7,953€€€7,993ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€285,108€287,986€284,877€287,684€286,352Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€642,111€651,713€649,644€658,244€664,856ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€198,650€185,862€207,900€180,296€190,692ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€840,761€837,575€857,544€838,540€855,548ÌÌÐ  ô,œ*6 ÐENDING€STOCKSÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,291€€€5,071€€€3,301€€€3,015€€€5,455ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€28,331€€26,281€€28,113€€31,213€€29,723ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,034€€€5,985€€€6,239€€€1,537€€€1,137ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€20,729€€18,008€€11,884€€€9,282€€13,244ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€60,000€€58,388€€50,593€€39,738€€41,197Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€99,656€€95,725€€88,246€€75,503€€77,512ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€63,092€€27,383€€45,338€€14,530€€22,221ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€162,748€123,108€133,584€€90,033€€99,733ÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ  d  ÐREGIONAL€COARSE€GRAIN€IMPORTS,€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ£CÓÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌIMPORTSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€7,219€€10,098€€10,089€€10,485€€10,525ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€5,881€€€6,766€€€8,173€€€6,771€€€7,946ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,129€€€2,956€€€4,102€€€3,825€€€2,875ÌOther€West.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€654€€€€€616€€€€€559€€€€€510€€€€€605ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€11,184€€€5,559€€€2,794€€€2,430€€€1,730ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€3,812€€€1,962€€€1,242€€€€€487€€€€€395ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€9,751€€€9,243€€€9,288€€€8,992€€€9,935ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€5,407€€€6,159€€€5,782€€€5,026€€€5,026ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€4,893€€€1,954€€€1,728€€€1,729€€€1,212ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€0ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€38,371€€37,625€€47,948€€45,425€€45,350ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€28€€€€€€39€€€€€488€€€€€110€€€€€€65ÌÌPRODUCTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€319,311€233,203€328,885€253,511€305,011ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€55,043€€57,964€€62,000€€58,590€€60,713ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€90,443€€92,429€€86,455€€88,281€101,074ÌOther€West.€Eur.€3/€€€€3,389€€€3,719€€€3,929€€€3,761€€€4,092ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€95,286€€95,587€€81,827€€59,613€€58,097ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€43,234€€44,465€€46,977€€52,033€€48,519ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€17,555€€20,119€€18,940€€18,319€€18,822ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€8,874€€€7,743€€11,026€€€8,396€€13,263ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€60,549€€63,137€€57,779€€66,465€€64,303ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€40,901€€34,960€€34,467€€33,962€€37,877ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€127,240€135,857€132,139€144,110€146,481ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€8,818€€10,473€€€5,622€€€9,732€€€9,055ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€242,016€232,715€255,905€228,809€241,317ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€54,099€€58,894€€61,131€€63,245€€63,228ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€82,365€€88,000€€88,564€€89,550€€93,169ÌOther€West.€Eur.€3/€€€€2,562€€€2,394€€€2,618€€€2,602€€€2,584ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€101,941€€97,054€€83,115€€66,620€€60,324ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€48,935€€45,677€€47,815€€48,753€€47,274ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€27,724€€27,816€€28,150€€27,967€€27,817ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€14,403€€14,560€€15,228€€15,049€€16,949ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€57,785€€61,068€€61,150€€63,642€€64,290ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€39,513€€35,954€€34,602€€33,933€€37,557ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€155,554€163,722€175,385€186,494€192,493ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€5,964€€€6,042€€€4,978€€€5,517€€€5,390ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€70,619€€34,732€€50,667€€19,518€€29,274ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€6,200€€€7,123€€€9,317€€€4,998€€€3,229ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€20,729€€18,008€€11,884€€€9,282€€13,244ÌOther€West.€Eur.€3/€€€€1,015€€€1,027€€€€€990€€€€€811€€€€€691ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€10,476€€13,617€€12,440€€€6,383€€€4,836ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€2,968€€€3,327€€€2,727€€€3,916€€€3,706ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€5,555€€€6,265€€€4,571€€€3,485€€€3,270ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€1,127€€€€€549€€€2,070€€€€€543€€€1,883Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€5,779€€€4,520€€€3,145€€€3,095€€€2,670ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€1,919€€€€€620€€€€€420€€€€€420€€€€€720ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€34,023€€31,431€€34,095€€36,506€€34,994ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€1,426€€€€€951€€€€€553€€€€€603€€€€€743ÌÌÌNOTES:€€Footnotes€appear€at€the€end€of€the€Regional€Wheat€table.€€ImportsÏare€reported€on€an€international€year€basis.€€All€other€data€are€reportedÏusing€marketing€years.ÌÌÐ  < ä  ÐÌÓ  Ó€€WORLD€CORN€TRADEÌOCTOBER/SEPTEMBER€YEARÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓQÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌEXPORTS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,779€€€4,230€€€6,046€€€6,700€€€6,000ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€12,623€€11,796€€€1,413€€€€€250€€€€€500ÌHungary€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€222€€€€€€18€€€€€370€€€€€500€€€€€750ÌRomania€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€1€€€€€€47€€€€€750€€€€€250ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€3,006€€€2,525€€€1,400€€€3,000ÌThailand€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€198€€€€€€88€€€€€160€€€€€100€€€€€200ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,256€€€1,722€€€€€347€€€€€300€€€€€400ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,381€€€2,365€€€1,636€€€2,739€€€1,895Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€20,460€€23,226€€12,544€€12,739€€12,995ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€41,766€€33,148€€58,645€€53,500€€51,500ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€62,226€€56,374€€71,189€€66,239€€64,495ÌÌIMPORTSÌAlgeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,251€€€1,326€€€1,000€€€€€600€€€€€900ÌBelarus€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€520€€€€€100€€€€€€50€€€€€€70€€€€€€50ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,170€€€1,134€€€1,435€€€€€500€€€1,500ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,190€€€€€585€€€1,108€€€€€500€€€€€700ÌChile€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€395€€€€€439€€€€€551€€€€€500€€€€€600ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€4,287€€€1,600€€€€€500ÌColombia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€429€€€€€939€€€1,072€€€1,000€€€1,000ÌCosta€Rica€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€313€€€€€376€€€€€409€€€€€350€€€€€400ÌDominican€Republic€€€€€€€654€€€€€658€€€€€684€€€€€650€€€€€675ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,742€€€2,135€€€2,600€€€2,750€€€2,850ÌGuatemala€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€163€€€€€143€€€€€207€€€€€170€€€€€175ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€357€€€€€962€€€1,738€€€1,500€€€1,800ÌIran€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,160€€€€€503€€€1,092€€€1,250€€€1,000ÌIsrael€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€626€€€€€290€€€€€673€€€€€625€€€€€450ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€16,760€€16,165€€16,481€€16,000€€16,000ÌJordan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€295€€€€€378€€€€€366€€€€€400€€€€€350ÌKorea,€North€€€€€€€€€€€€€383€€€€€258€€€€€120€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€6,544€€€5,696€€€8,223€€€9,000€€€8,750ÌMalaysia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,957€€€1,977€€€2,400€€€2,300€€€2,600ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€396€€€1,691€€€3,166€€€5,500€€€4,000ÌPeru€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€582€€€€€750€€€€€977€€€€€800€€€€€950ÌPhilippines€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€1€€€€€138€€€€€525€€€€€750ÌPoland€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,041€€€€€153€€€€€185€€€€€300€€€€€200ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,268€€€2,760€€€€€218€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€€€844€€€1,073€€€€€933€€€1,100€€€1,100ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€2,102€€€€€€30€€€€€424€€€€€550€€€€€€€0ÌTaiwan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,629€€€5,316€€€6,288€€€6,000€€€6,000ÌThailand€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€80€€€€€€€8€€€€€222€€€€€350€€€€€200ÌTunisia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€315€€€€€275€€€€€224€€€€€250€€€€€300ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€159€€€€€€€9€€€€€525€€€€€800€€€€€400ÌUzbekistan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€200€€€€€150€€€€€€20€€€€€150€€€€€150ÌVenezuela€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,126€€€€€945€€€1,170€€€1,100€€€1,200ÌZimbabwe€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,300€€€€€€€0€€€€€€25€€€€€202€€€€€€€0ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,611€€€2,615€€€3,400€€€2,700€€€2,250Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐO.W.€Europe€€€€€€€€€€€€€€218€€€€€209€€€€€249€€€€€260€€€€€225ÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€€€166€€€€€519€€€€€245€€€€€385€€€€€250ÌÌ€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€55,946€€50,568€€62,905€€60,937€€58,475ÌÌOther€Countries€€€€€€€€5,148€€€4,514€€€4,465€€€3,821€€€3,945ÌUnaccounted€€€€€€€€€€€€1,132€€€1,292€€€3,819€€€1,481€€€2,075ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€62,226€€56,374€€71,189€€66,239€€64,495ÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ  Ð x  ÐWORLD€CORN€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌLOCAL€MARKETING€YEARSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓu^ÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌPRODUCTION€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€10,200€€10,000€€10,900€€10,660€€12,500ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€29,200€€32,934€€36,982€€33,000€€33,000ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,883€€€6,501€€€7,043€€€7,251€€€7,000ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€95,380€102,700€€99,280€112,000€114,000ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,500€€€4,980€€€5,650€€€5,738€€€5,800ÌHungary€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,301€€€4,012€€€4,300€€€4,600€€€5,300ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9,992€€€9,600€€€9,120€€€9,800€€10,000ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,650€€€5,400€€€5,200€€€5,300€€€5,500ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€18,631€€19,141€€17,005€€16,000€€16,500ÌPhilippines€€€€€€€€€€€€4,810€€€5,030€€€4,534€€€4,200€€€4,100ÌRomania€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,829€€€8,000€€€8,500€€€9,923€€€9,000ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€9,990€€13,275€€€4,845€€10,500€€€9,500ÌThailand€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,400€€€2,900€€€3,800€€€3,700€€€4,200ÌUkraine€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,851€€€3,786€€€1,537€€€3,392€€€2,000ÌYugoslavia€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,650€€€5,912€€€7,500€€€8,300€€€7,700ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€30,242€€30,487€€28,298€€28,952€€33,790ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€50,347€€49,882€€48,164€€52,727€€50,920Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€297,856€314,540€302,658€326,043€330,810ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€240,719€160,954€256,621€187,305€223,630ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€538,575€475,494€559,279€513,348€554,440ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€30,200€€33,250€€35,700€€37,500€€36,750ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,209€€€7,100€€€7,650€€€7,255€€€7,300ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€85,757€€92,904€€99,654€110,000€115,500ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,242€€€6,915€€€7,950€€€8,700€€€8,700ÌHungary€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,899€€€4,030€€€4,000€€€4,100€€€4,600ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9,983€€€9,550€€€9,120€€€9,796€€10,000ÌIndonesia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,900€€€6,151€€€6,847€€€6,870€€€7,200ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€16,850€€16,450€€16,450€€16,100€€16,150ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€6,630€€€5,795€€€8,010€€€9,200€€€8,850ÌMalaysia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,960€€€2,030€€€2,300€€€2,490€€€2,600ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€18,463€€20,477€€20,250€€21,500€€21,000ÌRomania€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8,336€€€8,097€€€8,503€€€8,900€€€8,700ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,214€€€5,771€€€2,154€€€1,800€€€1,600ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€7,603€€€8,132€€€6,820€€€7,500€€€7,850ÌYugoslavia€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,238€€€6,100€€€6,900€€€7,100€€€7,100ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€117,696€117,590€113,292€124,147€122,048Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€340,180€350,342€355,600€382,958€385,948ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€172,927€159,819€183,577€160,662€165,235ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€513,107€510,161€539,177€543,620€551,183ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,598€€€4,586€€€7,275€€€3,165€€€€€915ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€27,000€€25,000€€27,500€€30,850€€29,350ÌSouth€Africa€€€€€€€€€€€1,687€€€2,400€€€€€900€€€€€900€€€1,050Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,937€€€3,824€€€2,934€€€2,295€€€3,885ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€21,276€€18,985€€17,422€€17,099€€17,379Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€53,561€€50,971€€53,097€€52,014€€48,694ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€53,672€€21,595€€39,571€€10,382€€16,959ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€107,233€€72,566€€92,668€€62,396€€65,653ÌÌÌÐ  r   ÐÌÓ  ÓREGIONAL€CORN€IMPORTS,€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ0kÓÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌIMPORTSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€1,752€€€2,795€€€4,519€€€6,385€€€4,950ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€5,483€€€6,132€€€7,616€€€6,091€€€7,430ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,611€€€2,615€€€3,400€€€2,700€€€2,250ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€218€€€€€209€€€€€249€€€€€260€€€€€225ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€6,188€€€3,655€€€€€609€€€€€530€€€€€475ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€1,610€€€€€363€€€€€369€€€€€400€€€€€335ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€3,779€€€2,707€€€4,365€€€4,825€€€4,025ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€3,841€€€4,246€€€4,492€€€4,225€€€4,600ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€4,630€€€1,725€€€1,536€€€1,627€€€1,110ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€31,955€€30,608€€40,047€€37,625€€36,950ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€23€€€€€€13€€€€€109€€€€€€30€€€€€€40ÌÌPRODUCTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€264,233€186,596€280,669€210,556€247,130ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€47,629€€51,311€€56,561€€52,516€€54,585ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€30,242€€30,487€€28,298€€28,952€€33,790ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€210€€€€€210€€€€€260€€€€€230€€€€€240ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€7,109€€€8,957€€€4,032€€€6,950€€€5,015ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€20,708€€20,174€€22,716€€25,371€€24,125ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€2,907€€€3,162€€€2,347€€€2,447€€€2,902ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€4,719€€€5,075€€€5,856€€€6,091€€€6,153ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€34,374€€36,854€€28,908€€37,872€€35,288ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€13,034€€12,498€€12,423€€13,010€€13,235ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€112,866€119,617€116,665€128,736€131,417ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€375€€€€€419€€€€€419€€€€€477€€€€€425ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€197,599€187,396€211,477€189,417€193,535ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€47,647€€52,101€€55,272€€57,207€€57,125ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€28,355€€32,299€€32,474€€32,116€€33,945ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€446€€€€€419€€€€€499€€€€€500€€€€€470ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€13,314€€12,292€€€6,361€€€6,592€€€5,972ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€24,706€€20,823€€22,175€€22,970€€22,845ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€6,386€€€5,945€€€6,502€€€7,325€€€6,882ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€8,376€€€9,024€€10,153€€10,568€€10,813ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€32,468€€33,632€€32,803€€34,697€€35,048ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€13,025€€12,448€€12,423€€13,006€€13,235ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€134,730€140,522€151,194€163,155€169,150ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€363€€€€€436€€€€€505€€€€€502€€€€€450ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€56,480€€24,075€€41,873€€12,680€€18,707ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€5,399€€€6,486€€€8,902€€€4,617€€€2,857ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,937€€€3,824€€€2,934€€€2,295€€€3,885ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€100€€€€€100€€€€€110€€€€€100€€€€€€95ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€2,140€€€2,850€€€1,089€€€1,722€€€1,140ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€2,239€€€1,724€€€1,890€€€2,416€€€2,256ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€€€475€€€€€312€€€€€519€€€€€461€€€€€501Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€€€137€€€€€335€€€€€630€€€€€378€€€€€318ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€4,022€€€3,950€€€2,145€€€2,470€€€2,220ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€€€100€€€€€100€€€€€100€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€31,187€€28,793€€32,461€€35,137€€33,554ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€17€€€€€€17€€€€€€15€€€€€€20€€€€€€20ÌÌÌNOTES:€Footnotes€appear€at€the€end€of€the€Regional€Wheat€table.€€Imports€areÏreported€on€an€international€year€basis.€€All€other€data€are€reported€usingÏmarketing€years.ÌÌÐ   ®  ÐÌÓ  ÓWORLD€BARLEY€TRADEÌOCTOBER/SEPTEMBER€YEARÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓxÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌEXPORTS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,600€€€4,232€€€1,356€€€3,400€€€3,200ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,859€€€3,789€€€2,556€€€2,600€€€3,600ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€100€€€€€185€€€1,500€€€€€300€€€€€500ÌSyria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€100€€€€€227€€€€€745€€€€€350€€€€€400ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€523€€€€€705€€€€€812€€€€€€25€€€€€750ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,816€€€6,793€€€5,061€€€2,750€€€4,000ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€€€€827€€€€€€26€€€€€433€€€€€410€€€€€€55ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,259€€€1,029€€€€€876€€€€€925€€€€€325Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€15,084€€16,986€€13,339€€10,760€€12,830ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€1,611€€€1,553€€€1,355€€€1,100€€€€€750ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€16,695€€18,539€€14,694€€11,860€€13,580ÌÌIMPORTSÌAlgeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€352€€€€€622€€€€€296€€€€€€50€€€€€€25ÌBrazil€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€145€€€€€262€€€€€€85€€€€€250€€€€€100ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€647€€€1,318€€€1,345€€€1,400€€€1,500ÌColombia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€50€€€€€172€€€€€261€€€€€175€€€€€200ÌEcuador€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€25€€€€€€12€€€€€€25€€€€€€30€€€€€€35ÌIran€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€174€€€€€388€€€€€384€€€€€250€€€€€400ÌIsrael€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€571€€€€€720€€€€€347€€€€€125€€€€€450ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,663€€€1,719€€€1,751€€€1,650€€€1,750ÌJordan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€339€€€€€421€€€€€681€€€€€300€€€€€400ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€€€€55€€€€€€67€€€€€121€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌLibya€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€603€€€€€685€€€€€216€€€€€250€€€€€300ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€89€€€€€€87€€€€€110€€€€€275€€€€€275ÌMorocco€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€591€€€€€115€€€€€342€€€€€€75€€€€€€25ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,554€€€€€400€€€€€584€€€€€800€€€€€300ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€3,917€€€4,497€€€3,002€€€2,750€€€4,000ÌTaiwan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€242€€€€€539€€€€€306€€€€€300€€€€€300ÌTunisia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5€€€€€390€€€€€386€€€€€350€€€€€€25ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€87€€€€€145€€€€€€53€€€€€150€€€€€100ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€38€€€€€€53€€€€€€60€€€€€150€€€€€100ÌO.W.€Europe€€€€€€€€€€€€€€398€€€€€397€€€€€504€€€€€255€€€€€355ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€€1,531€€€1,527€€€€€806€€€€€€77€€€€€€50ÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€€€195€€€2,042€€€1,125€€€€€825€€€1,200ÌÌ€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€13,271€€16,578€€12,790€€10,587€€11,990ÌÌOther€Countries€€€€€€€€2,617€€€1,546€€€1,522€€€1,108€€€€€991ÌUnaccounted€€€€€€€€€€€€€€807€€€€€415€€€€€382€€€€€165€€€€€599ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€16,695€€18,539€€14,694€€11,860€€13,580ÌÌÌÌÌÐ  ˆ.0,8 ÐÓ  ÓWORLD€BARLEY€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌLOCAL€MARKETING€YEARSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ‚ÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌPRODUCTION€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌAlgeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,500€€€€€410€€€€€240€€€€€540€€€1,300ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€500€€€€€455€€€€€350€€€€€450€€€€€450ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,460€€€6,956€€€2,791€€€5,498€€€5,800ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€11,032€€12,972€€11,690€€13,035€€16,200ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,000€€€4,200€€€3,800€€€4,000€€€4,000ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€286€€€€€271€€€€€225€€€€€218€€€€€200ÌKazakstan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8,511€€€7,149€€€5,100€€€2,407€€€3,000ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€450€€€€€450€€€€€500€€€€€400€€€€€400ÌMorocco€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,081€€€1,019€€€3,720€€€€€600€€€3,800ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€26,989€€26,900€€27,000€€15,800€€16,000ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€€€406€€€1,100€€€2,025€€€1,200€€€€€400ÌSyria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,090€€€1,550€€€1,480€€€1,200€€€1,700ÌTunisia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€570€€€€€160€€€€€145€€€€€€80€€€€€850ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6,500€€€7,300€€€6,500€€€6,900€€€7,500ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€47,457€€47,039€€43,687€€43,752€€51,160ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€11,436€€10,830€€10,996€€11,251€€10,080ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€28,591€€32,535€€32,175€€26,296€€23,123Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€155,859€161,296€152,424€133,627€145,963ÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€9,908€€€8,666€€€8,162€€€7,819€€€8,583ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€165,767€169,962€160,586€141,446€154,546ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌAlgeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,900€€€1,112€€€€€536€€€€€590€€€1,325ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,834€€€3,034€€€2,020€€€2,100€€€2,400ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,925€€€9,304€€10,317€€10,658€€11,000ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,723€€€5,418€€€5,395€€€5,450€€€5,500ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,929€€€1,981€€€2,025€€€1,985€€€1,990ÌMorocco€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,900€€€1,900€€€2,656€€€2,000€€€2,600ÌRussia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€28,368€€27,041€€24,711€€18,202€€16,000ÌSaudi€Arabia€€€€€€€€€€€6,011€€€5,900€€€5,800€€€5,000€€€4,750ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€5,800€€€6,073€€€6,289€€€6,575€€€6,850ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€41,588€€42,198€€41,917€€42,611€€44,654ÌEastern€Europe€€€€€€€€12,156€€12,007€€11,748€€11,077€€10,055ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€43,015€€44,612€€44,615€€35,911€€34,055Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€158,149€160,580€158,029€142,159€141,179ÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€7,916€€€9,053€€€8,726€€€7,601€€€8,514ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€166,065€169,633€166,755€149,760€149,693ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,032€€€€€518€€€€€211€€€€€229€€€€€429ÌCanada€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,271€€€3,376€€€1,820€€€1,807€€€3,417ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€11,492€€€9,859€€€6,404€€€4,795€€€7,251ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€12,836€€15,476€€15,197€€€8,741€€€9,041Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€28,631€€29,229€€23,632€€15,572€€20,138ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€3,292€€€3,023€€€2,451€€€2,197€€€2,484ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€31,923€€32,252€€26,083€€17,769€€22,622Ð ˆ.0,8 ЇÓ  ÓREGIONAL€BARLEY€IMPORTS,€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓîÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌIMPORTSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€€€287€€€2,130€€€1,240€€€1,110€€€1,485ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€€€274€€€€€525€€€€€433€€€€€581€€€€€411ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€38€€€€€€53€€€€€€60€€€€€150€€€€€100ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€398€€€€€397€€€€€504€€€€€255€€€€€355ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€3,876€€€1,464€€€1,656€€€1,400€€€€€850ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€1,531€€€1,527€€€€€806€€€€€€77€€€€€€50ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€5,312€€€6,447€€€4,709€€€3,817€€€5,610ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€1,555€€€1,888€€€1,264€€€€€750€€€€€425ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€€€€10€€€€€€24€€€€€€20€€€€€€20€€€€€€20ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€0ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€2,607€€€3,643€€€3,523€€€3,450€€€3,650ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€26€€€€€€97€€€€€€80€€€€€€25ÌÌPRODUCTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€21,390€€22,088€€20,352€€21,254€€25,183ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€1,349€€€1,171€€€1,023€€€1,050€€€1,160ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€47,457€€47,039€€43,687€€43,752€€51,160ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€896€€€1,042€€€1,012€€€1,053€€€1,027ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€52,406€€54,984€€53,096€€33,068€€30,795ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€11,436€€10,830€€10,996€€11,251€€10,080ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€13,175€€15,469€€15,115€€14,391€€14,531ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€3,401€€€1,829€€€4,365€€€1,450€€€6,220ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€1,679€€€1,340€€€1,641€€€1,696€€€1,615ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€2,075€€€1,953€€€1,723€€€1,965€€€1,975ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€4,714€€€4,871€€€4,415€€€4,618€€€4,600ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€5,789€€€7,346€€€3,161€€€5,898€€€6,200ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€16,394€€18,894€€19,653€€18,934€€20,214ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€1,514€€€1,616€€€1,419€€€1,571€€€1,541ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€41,588€€42,198€€41,917€€42,611€€44,654ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€1,374€€€1,335€€€1,478€€€1,452€€€1,457ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€53,228€€53,458€€51,458€€37,141€€31,590ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€12,156€€12,007€€11,748€€11,077€€10,055ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€19,221€€20,252€€19,933€€18,861€€19,246ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€5,262€€€4,615€€€4,242€€€3,575€€€5,245ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€1,689€€€1,364€€€1,610€€€1,691€€€1,635ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€2,075€€€1,953€€€1,723€€€1,970€€€1,975ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€7,377€€€8,405€€€8,237€€€8,235€€€8,290ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€3,198€€€3,392€€€2,420€€€2,530€€€2,810ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€6,638€€€6,474€€€4,346€€€4,079€€€5,951ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€€€124€€€€€104€€€€€€80€€€€€€65€€€€€€20ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€11,492€€€9,859€€€6,404€€€4,795€€€7,251ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€619€€€€€680€€€€€720€€€€€576€€€€€476ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€3,608€€€5,567€€€6,597€€€2,924€€€2,279ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€1,107€€€1,431€€€1,052€€€€€893€€€€€913ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€5,000€€€5,915€€€4,039€€€3,011€€€2,756ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€€€886€€€€€167€€€1,395€€€€€120€€€1,520ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€€€€20€€€€€€20€€€€€€20€€€€€€20€€€€€€20ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€1,352€€€1,461€€€1,162€€€€€995€€€€€955ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€1,077€€€€€574€€€€€268€€€€€291€€€€€481ÌÌÌNOTES:€Footnotes€appear€at€the€end€of€the€Regional€Wheat€table.€€Imports€areÏreported€on€an€international€year€basis.€€All€other€data€are€reported€usingÏmarketing€years.ÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÐ   ®  ЀWORLD€SORGHUM€TRADEÌOCTOBER/SEPTEMBER€YEARÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ8›ÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌEXPORTS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,023€€€€€426€€€€€192€€€€€500€€€€€500ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€62€€€€€513€€€€€€50€€€€€550€€€€€100ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€391€€€€€245€€€€€188€€€€€100€€€€€€50ÌSudan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€520€€€€€263€€€€€235€€€€€100€€€€€€50ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€248€€€€€303€€€€€€91€€€€€€50€€€€€€25Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€€2,244€€€1,750€€€€€756€€€1,300€€€€€725ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€6,634€€€5,318€€€5,653€€€4,950€€€5,750ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€€8,878€€€7,068€€€6,409€€€6,250€€€6,475ÌÌIMPORTSÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€282€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌIsrael€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€223€€€€€€66€€€€€214€€€€€350€€€€€300ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,221€€€2,852€€€2,407€€€2,300€€€2,750ÌJordan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌKorea,€South€€€€€€€€€€€€€117€€€€€€15€€€€€€€0€€€€€€50€€€€€€50ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,021€€€3,089€€€2,544€€€1,900€€€2,500ÌSudan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€15€€€€€€47€€€€€€12€€€€€€25€€€€€€25ÌTaiwan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€12€€€€€€30€€€€€€29€€€€€€75€€€€€€30ÌTurkey€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€411€€€€€€14€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€399€€€€€211€€€€€585€€€€€950€€€€€500ÌÌ€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€€8,419€€€6,324€€€6,073€€€5,650€€€6,155ÌÌOther€Countries€€€€€€€€€€325€€€€€196€€€€€291€€€€€143€€€€€€93ÌUnaccounted€€€€€€€€€€€€€€134€€€€€548€€€€€€45€€€€€457€€€€€227ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€€8,878€€€7,068€€€6,409€€€6,250€€€6,475ÌÌÌÌÌÐ  è!( ÐÓ  ÓWORLD€SORGHUM€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌLOCAL€MARKETING€YEARSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ¿¡ÓÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌPRODUCTION€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2,830€€€2,270€€€1,650€€€2,100€€€2,000ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€557€€€€€931€€€1,015€€€1,555€€€€€900ÌBurkina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,292€€€1,310€€€1,232€€€1,150€€€1,200ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,740€€€6,300€€€6,300€€€6,000€€€5,700ÌColombia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€622€€€€€649€€€€€560€€€€€543€€€€€575ÌEgypt€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€615€€€€€745€€€€€760€€€€€775€€€€€750ÌEthiopia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,300€€€1,150€€€1,200€€€1,150€€€1,200ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€12,806€€11,410€€€9,200€€€9,700€€11,000ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,088€€€3,018€€€3,000€€€3,500€€€5,000ÌNigeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,437€€€6,175€€€6,500€€€6,800€€€6,800ÌSudan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,050€€€2,400€€€3,700€€€2,800€€€3,000ÌTanzania,€United€Rep€€€€€600€€€€€625€€€€€450€€€€€840€€€€€800ÌVenezuela€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€528€€€€€367€€€€€200€€€€€230€€€€€230ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€834€€€€€745€€€€€554€€€€€470€€€€€540ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,861€€€5,016€€€4,929€€€5,046€€€5,056Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€43,160€€43,111€€41,250€€42,659€€44,751ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€22,227€€13,569€€16,491€€11,694€€19,406ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€65,387€€56,680€€57,741€€54,353€€64,157ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌArgentina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,754€€€1,885€€€1,608€€€1,550€€€1,550ÌAustralia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€495€€€€€653€€€1,009€€€1,005€€€€€800ÌBurkina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,293€€€1,310€€€1,232€€€1,150€€€1,200ÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,585€€€6,205€€€6,355€€€6,100€€€5,650ÌEthiopia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,300€€€1,233€€€1,269€€€1,200€€€1,250ÌIndia€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€12,227€€11,659€€€9,340€€€9,675€€10,800ÌJapan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,210€€€3,000€€€2,650€€€2,200€€€2,650ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,409€€€6,307€€€5,644€€€5,400€€€7,300ÌNigeria€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4,437€€€6,175€€€6,500€€€6,800€€€6,800ÌSudan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,091€€€3,088€€€3,027€€€3,100€€€3,150ÌVenezuela€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,123€€€1,041€€€1,144€€€1,470€€€1,050ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€8,794€€€7,754€€€7,708€€€8,621€€€7,891Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€49,718€€50,310€€47,486€€48,271€€50,091ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€12,091€€11,687€€10,223€€€7,468€€12,802ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€61,809€€61,997€€57,709€€55,739€€62,893ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌChina€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€700€€€€€550€€€€€325€€€€€125€€€€€125ÌMexico€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€591€€€€€391€€€€€291€€€€€291€€€€€491ÌSudan€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€105€€€€€€62€€€€€€42€€€€€€22€€€€€€22ÌOthers€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3,556€€€1,870€€€1,636€€€1,324€€€1,499Ì€€€€€€Subtotal€€€€€€€€€4,952€€€2,873€€€2,294€€€1,762€€€2,137ÌÌUnited€States€€€€€€€€€€4,446€€€1,208€€€1,819€€€€€965€€€1,854ÌÌWORLD€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€€9,398€€€4,081€€€4,113€€€2,727€€€3,991Ð ˆ.0,8 ЇÌÌÓ  ÓÌREGIONAL€SORGHUM€IMPORTS,€PRODUCTION,€CONSUMPTION€AND€STOCKSÌTHOUSAND€METRIC€TONSÌÓ¨¬ÓÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€1996/97Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sep€11ÌIMPORTSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€4,021€€€3,089€€€2,544€€€1,900€€€2,500ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€€€€62€€€€€€54€€€€€€69€€€€€€30€€€€€€35ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€411€€€€€€14€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€7€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€€€€39€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€€€634€€€€€€89€€€€€214€€€€€350€€€€€300ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€€€€11€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€1€€€€€€51€€€€€€€1ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€€€228€€€€€180€€€€€172€€€€€€82€€€€€€82ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€3,350€€€2,897€€€2,490€€€2,430€€€2,830ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€282€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌÌPRODUCTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€25,315€€16,587€€19,491€€15,194€€24,406ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€5,013€€€4,353€€€3,320€€€3,935€€€3,900ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€834€€€€€745€€€€€554€€€€€470€€€€€540ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€€€€€4€€€€€€€4€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€5ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€€€714€€€€€739€€€€€719€€€€€737€€€€€675ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€€€630€€€€€760€€€€€775€€€€€785€€€€€760ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€14,120€€14,238€€15,732€€15,400€€15,690ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€13,044€€11,622€€€9,434€€€9,930€€11,230ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€5,002€€€6,591€€€6,611€€€6,267€€€5,966ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€557€€€€€931€€€1,015€€€1,555€€€€€900ÌÌCONSUMPTIONÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€19,500€€17,994€€15,867€€12,868€€20,102ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€3,971€€€4,012€€€3,331€€€3,377€€€3,460ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,123€€€1,041€€€1,144€€€1,470€€€1,050ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€7€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€€€€43€€€€€€€4€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€5ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€1,328€€€€€847€€€€€958€€€1,087€€€€€975ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€€€641€€€€€815€€€€€778€€€€€836€€€€€761ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€13,200€€15,061€€15,219€€15,757€€15,897ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€12,465€€11,871€€€9,574€€€9,905€€11,030ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€8,231€€€9,537€€€9,430€€€8,697€€€8,646ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€495€€€€€653€€€1,009€€€1,005€€€€€800ÌÌENDING€STOCKSÌNorth€America€1/€€€€€€€5,037€€€1,599€€€2,110€€€1,256€€€2,345ÌLatin€America€2/€€€€€€€€€525€€€€€462€€€€€297€€€€€260€€€€€310ÌEU€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€105€€€€€€62€€€€€€42€€€€€€22€€€€€€22ÌOther€Wst.€Eur.€3/€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌFormer€USSR€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0Ð ˆ.0,8 ÐEastern€Europe€4/€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€0ÌMiddle€East€5/€€€€€€€€€€€€57€€€€€€38€€€€€€13€€€€€€13€€€€€€13ÌNorth€Africa€6/€€€€€€€€€€102€€€€€€47€€€€€€45€€€€€€45€€€€€€45ÌOther€Africa€7/€€€€€€€€1,456€€€€€550€€€1,000€€€€€625€€€€€450ÌSouth€Asia€8/€€€€€€€€€€€€799€€€€€300€€€€€100€€€€€100€€€€€300ÌOther€Asia€9/€€€€€€€€€€1,227€€€€€923€€€€€406€€€€€306€€€€€406ÌOceania€10/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€90€€€€€100€€€€€100€€€€€100€€€€€100ÌÌÌNOTES:€Footnotes€appear€at€the€end€of€the€Regional€Wheat€table.€€Imports€areÏreported€on€an€international€year€basis.€€All€other€data€are€reported€usingÏmarketing€years.ÌÌÌÐ  d  ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€SOYBEANS:€WORLD€SUPPLY€AND€DISTRIBUTIONÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(MILLION€METRIC€TONS)Ì€€€€ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1992/93€1993/94€1994/95€1995/96€€1996/97€Ì€€€€PRODUCTIONÌ€€€€€€€€UNITED€STATES€€€€€€€59.61€€€50.92€€€68.49€€€58.56€€€€62.59Ì€€€€€€€€BRAZIL€€€€€€€€€€€€€€22.50€€€24.70€€€25.90€€€23.20€€€€26.00Ì€€€€€€€€ARGENTINA€€€€€€€€€€€11.35€€€12.40€€€12.65€€€12.60€€€€13.50Ì€€€€€€€€CHINA€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10.30€€€15.31€€€16.00€€€13.50€€€€13.30Ì€€€€€€€€EUROPEAN€UNION€€€€€€€1.27€€€€0.81€€€€1.03€€€€0.94€€€€€0.99Ì€€€€€€€€PARAGUAY€€€€€€€€€€€€€1.75€€€€1.80€€€€2.20€€€€2.30€€€€€2.50Ì€€€€€€€€OTHER€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10.51€€€11.60€€€11.27€€€12.52€€€€12.78Ì€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€€117.30€€117.53€€137.54€€123.62€€€131.66Ì€€€€Ì€€€€EXPORTSÌ€€€€€€€€UNITED€STATES€€€€€€€20.94€€€16.03€€€22.81€€€22.86€€€€22.32Ì€€€€€€€€BRAZIL€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4.06€€€€5.43€€€€3.57€€€€3.20€€€€€3.50Ì€€€€€€€€ARGENTINA€€€€€€€€€€€€2.42€€€€3.07€€€€2.50€€€€2.60€€€€€3.10Ì€€€€€€€€PARAGUAY€€€€€€€€€€€€€1.25€€€€1.20€€€€1.45€€€€1.50€€€€€1.55Ì€€€€€€€€CHINA€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.30€€€€1.10€€€€0.60€€€€0.30€€€€€0.25Ì€€€€€€€€OTHER€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.83€€€€1.19€€€€1.26€€€€1.42€€€€€1.45Ì€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€€€29.80€€€28.03€€€32.19€€€31.88€€€€32.16Ì€€€€Ì€€€€IMPORTSÌ€€€€€€€€EUROPEAN€UNION€€€€€€15.17€€€13.11€€€16.05€€€14.26€€€€13.83Ì€€€€€€€€€GERMANY€€€€€€€€€€€€€3.31€€€€2.79€€€€2.96€€€€2.85€€€€€2.80Ì€€€€€€€€€NETHERLANDS€€€€€€€€€4.26€€€€4.14€€€€4.62€€€€4.37€€€€€4.20Ì€€€€€€€€€SPAIN€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.48€€€€1.72€€€€2.85€€€€2.40€€€€€2.35Ì€€€€€€€€€ITALY€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1.33€€€€1.17€€€€1.30€€€€1.16€€€€€1.12Ì€€€€€€€€€BEL-LUX€€€€€€€€€€€€€1.31€€€€1.22€€€€1.37€€€€1.21€€€€€1.17Ì€€€€€€€€€PORTUGAL€€€€€€€€€€€€0.56€€€€0.53€€€€0.95€€€€0.65€€€€€0.60Ì€€€€€€€€OTHER€W€EUROPE€€€€€€€0.10€€€€0.29€€€€0.40€€€€0.38€€€€€0.38Ì€€€€€€€€EASTERN€EUROPE€€€€€€€0.30€€€€0.28€€€€0.27€€€€0.30€€€€€0.33Ì€€€€€€€€FSU-12€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.12€€€€0.10€€€€0.31€€€€0.07€€€€€0.06Ì€€€€€€€€€RUSSIA€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.06€€€€0.07€€€€0.07€€€€0.05€€€€€0.04Ì€€€€€€€€€UKRAINE€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.06€€€€0.03€€€€0.02€€€€0.02€€€€€0.02Ì€€€€€€€€CHINA€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.15€€€€0.13€€€€0.15€€€€0.60€€€€€0.80Ì€€€€€€€€JAPAN€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4.87€€€€4.86€€€€4.84€€€€4.90€€€€€4.86Ì€€€€€€€€KOREA,€REP€OF€€€€€€€€1.13€€€€1.16€€€€1.38€€€€1.40€€€€€1.40Ì€€€€€€€€TAIWAN€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.51€€€€2.50€€€€2.60€€€€2.55€€€€€2.50Ì€€€€€€€€INDONESIA€€€€€€€€€€€€0.53€€€€0.71€€€€0.62€€€€0.70€€€€€0.55Ì€€€€€€€€MEXICO€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.14€€€€2.20€€€€1.87€€€€2.45€€€€€2.45Ì€€€€€€€€BRAZIL€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.38€€€€0.11€€€€1.20€€€€0.60€€€€€0.90Ì€€€€€€€€OTHER€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.93€€€€2.94€€€€3.34€€€€3.75€€€€€3.89Ì€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€€€30.31€€€28.37€€€33.04€€€31.96€€€€31.94Ì€€€€Ì€€€€CRUSHÌ€€€€€€€€UNITED€STATES€€€€€€€34.81€€€34.72€€€38.24€€€37.15€€€€37.01Ì€€€€€€€€LATIN€AMERICA€€€€€€€28.42€€€31.80€€€33.38€€€35.46€€€€36.31Ì€€€€€€€€€BRAZIL€€€€€€€€€€€€€15.55€€€18.44€€€20.19€€€21.00€€€€21.20Ì€€€€€€€€€ARGENTINA€€€€€€€€€€€8.49€€€€8.77€€€€8.69€€€€9.50€€€€€9.90Ì€€€€€€€€€MEXICO€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.67€€€€2.64€€€€2.33€€€€2.61€€€€€2.71Ð 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Ѐ€€€€€€€EUROPEAN€UNION€€€€€€14.09€€€12.24€€€14.43€€€13.51€€€€13.05Ì€€€€€€€€OTHER€W€EUROPE€€€€€€€0.10€€€€0.28€€€€0.39€€€€0.38€€€€€0.38Ì€€€€€€€€FSU-12€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0.58€€€€0.58€€€€0.70€€€€0.36€€€€€0.44Ì€€€€€€€€EASTERN€EUROPE€€€€€€€0.53€€€€0.42€€€€0.45€€€€0.49€€€€€0.51Ì€€€€€€€€ASIA€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€15.85€€€19.56€€€19.62€€€20.35€€€€20.42Ì€€€€€€€€€JAPAN€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€3.79€€€€3.70€€€€3.76€€€€3.80€€€€€3.75Ì€€€€€€€€€CHINA€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€4.49€€€€7.61€€€€8.03€€€€7.26€€€€€7.50Ì€€€€€€€€€TAIWAN€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.32€€€€2.24€€€€2.34€€€€2.25€€€€€2.23Ì€€€€€€€€OTHER€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.36€€€€2.42€€€€2.88€€€€3.04€€€€€3.27Ì€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€€€96.73€€102.01€€110.10€€110.73€€€111.39Ì€€€€Ì€€€€ENDING€STOCKSÌ€€€€€€€€UNITED€STATES€€€€€€€€7.96€€€€5.69€€€€9.11€€€€4.62€€€€€4.76Ì€€€€€€€€BRAZIL€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6.07€€€€5.31€€€€6.95€€€€5.02€€€€€5.50Ì€€€€€€€€ARGENTINA€€€€€€€€€€€€3.71€€€€3.80€€€€4.77€€€€4.79€€€€€4.79Ì€€€€€€€€OTHER€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2.48€€€€2.44€€€€2.65€€€€2.43€€€€€2.21Ì€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€€€€€€€€€€€€€20.21€€€17.23€€€23.48€€€16.87€€€€17.26Ì€€€€Ì€€€€Source:€Counselor€and€Attache€Reports,€Official€Statistics,ÌÓo[°X°« 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ÐÌExportsà‘ä ä ä àˆÐ öž# ÐWorld€Total€à‘  ä à25,583€ˆà‘ÊÊ”à26,735€ˆà‘zz(Dà28,478€ˆà‘**2ôà27,586€ˆà‘@@=¤à26,442ˆÐ Àh$ Ѐ€U.S.€à‘€ € ä à5,201€ˆà‘00”à6,862€ˆà‘àà)Dà9,402€ˆà‘3ôà7,700€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à6,200ˆÐ Š2% Ѐ€Uzbekistan€à‘€ € ä à5,500€ˆà‘00”à5,800€ˆà‘àà)Dà5,006€ˆà‘3ôà4,700€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à4,500ˆÐ T ü& Ѐ€Afr.€Franc€3/€€€à‘€ € ä à2,048€ˆà‘00”à2,026€ˆà‘àà)Dà2,682€ˆà‘3ôà2,798€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à2,797ˆÐ !Æ' Ѐ€Australia€à‘€ € ä à1,695€ˆà‘00”à1,682€ˆà‘àà)Dà1,345€ˆà‘3ôà1,400€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à1,900ˆÐ è!( Ѐ€India€à‘€ € ä à1,075€ˆà‘üü!”à305€ˆà‘,Dà84€ˆà‘\\5ôà550€ˆà‘rr@¤à500ˆÐ ²"Z ) Ѐ€Pakistan€à‘€ € ä à1,175€ˆà‘üü!”à318€ˆà‘¬¬+Dà148€ˆà‘3ôà1,500€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à1,300ˆÐ |#$!* Ѐ€China€à‘L L ä à684€ˆà‘üü!”à749€ˆà‘¬¬+Dà183€ˆà‘ÂÂ6ôà21€ˆà‘rr@¤à200ˆÐ F$î!+ ÐÌEnding€Stocksà‘ä ä ä àˆÐ Ú%‚#- ÐWorld€Total€à‘  ä à34,312€ˆà‘ÊÊ”à26,280€ˆà‘zz(Dà29,289€ˆà‘**2ôà34,949€ˆà‘@@=¤à35,223ˆÐ ¤&L$. Ѐ€China€à‘  ä à10,442€ˆà‘00”à6,101€ˆà‘zz(Dà€9,678€ˆà‘**2ôà14,402€ˆà‘@@=¤à13,702ˆÐ n'%/ Ѐ€U.S.€à‘€ € ä à4,662€ˆà‘00”à3,530€ˆà‘àà)Dà2,650€ˆà‘3ôà2,600€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à3,600ˆÐ 8(à%0 Ѐ€Pakistan€à‘€ € ä à2,164€ˆà‘00”à1,694€ˆà‘àà)Dà1,692€ˆà‘3ôà1,337€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à1,282ˆÐ )ª&1 Ѐ€Uzbekistan€à‘€ € ä à1,534€ˆà‘00”à1,006€ˆà‘¬¬+Dà956€ˆà‘3ôà1,126€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à1,011ˆÐ Ì)t'2 Ѐ€EU€4/€à‘€ € ä à1,461€ˆà‘00”à1,651€ˆà‘àà)Dà1,707€ˆà‘3ôà1,651€ˆà‘¦¦>¤à1,787ˆÐ –*>(3 ÐÌ1/€World€import€and€export€totals€have€been€expanded€to€include€trade€amongÏthe€12€republics€of€the€former€Soviet€Union€and€the€3€Baltic€States€fromÏâ â1970/71€onward.Ð ¾-f+7 Ð2/€Includes€Indonesia,€Malaysia,€Philippines,€Singapore,€Thailand,€andÏâ âVietnam.à‘ä ä ä àˆÐ "Ê Ð3/€Includes€Benin,€Burkina,€Cameroon,€CAR,€Chad,€Cote€d'Ivoire,€Mali,€Niger,ÏSenegal,€and€€€€€€Togo.à‘””%”àˆÐ ¶^ Ð4/€European€Union€(EU)€now€includes€15€countries€with€the€addition€ofÏAustria,€Finland,€and€€€€€€Sweden.à‘DD/DàˆÐ Jò ЀTotals€may€not€add€due€to€rounding.à‘DD/DàˆÐ ¼ ЀSource:€€USDA/FASà‘ä ä ä àˆÐ  Þ† ÐÓ  ÓÔ‡,ôôg õ õôôgÔÔ‡,ëÈ õ,ôôgÔWood€Products:€Sawlogs/Veneer€Logs€Production€and€Trade€1990-1995Ð X ÐCalendar€YearÌ1,000€cubic€metersÌÓ  ÓÌÌÓlX°XîûØ  h°Ú@ˆÐ (#$€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A,` …°lÓSAWLOG/VENEER€LOG€PRODUCTIONà‘((hà1990ˆà‘pp&°à1991ˆà‘JJ+Úà1992€ˆà‘4@à1993ˆà‘HH;ˆà1994ˆà‘BÐ à1995ˆÐ x  ÐÌSOFTWOODà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘88hà757,557ˆà‘€€#°à633,690ˆà‘ªª)Úà603,306ˆà‘1@à605,091ˆà‘XX8ˆà601,015ˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ ¸` ÐHARDWOODà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘88hà298,430ˆà‘€€#°à293,404ˆà‘ªª)Úà300,656ˆà‘1@à294,338ˆà‘XX8ˆà294,052ˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ X ÐTOTAL€WORLD€PRODUCTIONà‘  àˆà‘˜ ˜ hà1,055,390ˆà‘€€#°à927,094ˆà‘ªª)Úà903,963ˆà‘1@à895,429ˆà‘XX8ˆà895,067ˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ ø   ÐÌÌSAWLOG/VENEER€LOG€EXPORTSÌÌSOFTWOODÌUnited€Statesà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ˆˆhà18,091ˆà‘ÐÐ$°à15,754ˆà‘úú*Úà13,838ˆà‘``2@à11,956ˆà‘¨¨9ˆà10,961ˆà‘ðð@Ð à11,561ˆÐ ¸ `  ÐCanadaà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘xx hà800ˆà‘ÀÀ'°à812ˆà‘JJ+Úà1,142ˆà‘°°3@à1,126ˆà‘˜˜<ˆà952ˆà‘ààCÐ à676ˆÐ X  ÐRussiaà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ÈÈ!hàNAˆà‘(°àNAˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘``2@à11,600ˆà‘¨¨9ˆà11,950ˆà‘ðð@Ð à14,200ˆÐ ø    ÐNew€Zealandà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà2,931ˆà‘  %°à3,567ˆà‘JJ+Úà4,117ˆà‘°°3@à4,289ˆà‘øø:ˆà4,837ˆà‘@@AÐ à4,900ˆÐ ˜ @  ÐSwedenà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘xx hà336ˆà‘ÀÀ'°à326ˆà‘êê-Úà338ˆà‘PP5@à410ˆà‘˜˜<ˆà401ˆà‘ààCÐ à400ˆÐ 8à  ÐÓ33ÓOtherà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ÈÈ!hàNAˆà‘(°àNAˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ Ø€  ÐSOFTWOOD€TOTALà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ˆˆhà33,858ˆà‘ÐÐ$°à32,863ˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ —?  ÐÌHARDWOODÌMalaysiaà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘hh#hàˆà‘ÐÐ$°à20,378ˆà‘úú*Úà19,320ˆà‘``2@à17,797ˆà‘øø:ˆà9,382ˆà‘@@AÐ à8,561ˆÐ Ô| Ðà  à7,864ÌPapua€New€Guineaà‘  àˆà‘hh#hàˆà‘  %°à1,349ˆà‘JJ+Úà1,500ˆà‘°°3@à1,929ˆà‘øø:ˆà2,867ˆà‘@@AÐ à3,100ˆÐ Rú Ðà  à2,900ÌFranceà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà1,655ˆà‘  %°à1,530ˆà‘JJ+Úà1,537ˆà‘``2@à€1,350ˆà‘øø:ˆà1,485ˆà‘@@AÐ à1,560ˆÐ Ðx ÐUnited€Statesà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘xx hà995ˆà‘  %°à1,823ˆà‘JJ+Úà1,015ˆà‘°°3@à1,074ˆà‘øø:ˆà1,195ˆà‘@@AÐ à1,213ˆÐ 7 ÐIvory€Coastà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘xx hà403ˆà‘ÀÀ'°à355ˆà‘êê-Úà248ˆà‘PP5@à320ˆà‘˜˜<ˆà376ˆà‘ààCÐ à380ˆÐ Nö ÐOtherà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà8,427ˆà‘  %°à8,438ˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ  µ ÐHARDWOOD€TOTALà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ˆˆhà33,207ˆà‘ÐÐ$°à32,881ˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ Ìt  ÐÌTOTAL€WORLD€EXPORTSà‘  àˆà‘88hà67,065€ˆà‘€€#°à65,744€ˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ Jò" Ðà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆÌSAWLOG/VENEER€LOG€IMPORTSÌÌSOFTWOODÌJapanà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ˆˆhà16,682ˆà‘ÐÐ$°à15,086ˆà‘úú*Úà14,967ˆà‘``2@à14,730ˆà‘¨¨9ˆà14,434ˆà‘ðð@Ð à14,905ˆÐ ­' ÐChina€(Mainland)à‘  àˆà‘hh#hàˆà‘  %°à4,140ˆà‘JJ+Úà3,304ˆà‘°°3@à2,272ˆà‘øø:ˆà1,512ˆà‘@@AÐ à1,191ˆÐ Äl( Ðà  à590ÌKorea,€Southà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà4,553ˆà‘  %°à5,047ˆà‘JJ+Úà4,744ˆà‘°°3@à5,414ˆà‘øø:ˆà5,701ˆà‘@@AÐ à6,450ˆÐ Bê* ÐCanadaà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà4,089ˆà‘  %°à4,146ˆà‘JJ+Úà3,543ˆà‘°°3@à3,477ˆà‘øø:ˆà3,815ˆà‘@@AÐ à5,000ˆÐ  ©+ ÐUnited€Statesà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ÈÈ!hà80ˆà‘(°à45ˆà‘êê-Úà167ˆà‘4@à€388ˆà‘˜˜<ˆà427ˆà‘ààCÐ à241ˆÐ À h, ÐOtherà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà4,906ˆà‘  %°à6,325ˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ !'- ÐSOFTWOOD€TOTALà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ˆˆhà34,450ˆà‘ÐÐ$°à33,953ˆà‘êê-Úà€NAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ >"æ. ÐÌHARDWOODÌJapanà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ˆˆhà12,316ˆà‘ÐÐ$°à11,357ˆà‘úú*Úà10,902ˆà‘``2@à€8,703ˆà‘øø:ˆà7,944ˆà‘@@AÐ à7,038ˆÐ {$#"1 ÐKorea,€Southà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà3,732ˆà‘  %°à3,832ˆà‘úú*Úà3,591€ˆà‘°°3@à2,233ˆà‘øø:ˆà2,011ˆà‘@@AÐ à1,960ˆÐ :%â"2 ÐItalyà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà2,927ˆà‘  %°à3,092ˆà‘JJ+Úà2,603ˆà‘°°3@à2,442ˆà‘øø:ˆà3,022ˆà‘@@AÐ à3,090ˆÐ ù%¡#3 ÐFranceà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà1,080ˆà‘ÀÀ'°à979ˆà‘JJ+Úà1,042ˆà‘°°3@à1,040ˆà‘øø:ˆà1,010ˆà‘ààCÐ à990ˆÐ ¸&`$4 ÐThailandà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘hh#hàˆà‘  %°à1,846ˆà‘JJ+Úà1,741ˆà‘°°3@à2,006ˆà‘øø:ˆà1,607ˆà‘@@AÐ à1,529ˆÐ w'%5 Ðà  à1,500ÌOtherà  àà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ØØhà9,633ˆà‘ÐÐ$°à11,840ˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ õ(&7 ÐHARDWOOD€TOTALà‘Ø Ø Ø àˆà‘  àˆà‘ˆˆhà31,534ˆà‘ÐÐ$°à32,841ˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ ´)\'8 ÐÌTOTAL€WORLD€IMPORTSà àà‘88hà65,984€ˆà‘€€#°à66,794€ˆà‘::.ÚàNAˆà‘  6@àNAˆà‘èè=ˆàNAˆà‘0 0 DÐ àNAˆÐ 2+Ú(: Ðà  àà Ø àà àà h àà ° àà Ú àÌSOURCE:€€USDA/FAS€Forest€Products€Annual€Reports;€FAO€Yearbook/Forest€Products/1993;€ITTO€AnnualÏReview€and€Assessment€of€the€World€Tropical€Timber€Situation€in€1995;€FAS/FFPD€EstimatesÌNA-Not€AvailableÔ#†,ôôg õ,ëÈPô#ÔÔ#†ôôg õ õ,ôôg1ô#ÔÔ‡ôᤠõ õôôgÔÐ  ..Ö+> Ðò òÔ‡¼ » õôá¤Ô5.€€The€Office€of€Strategic€Industries€and€Economic€SecurityÔ#†ôᤠõ»¼ ©#Ôó óÐ X ÐÌÓ? °§X° Xî‚ Ø ƒHÚ@‚H(#$€%ŒX?Óà  àÔ€XveX õôá¤ÔThe€Office€of€Strategic€Industries€and€Economic€Security€(SIES)€is€charged€with€workingÐ 8 Ðwith€U.S.€defense€industries€to€ensure€a€sound€base€for€domestic€industrial€output€in€case€ofÏnational€emergency.€€€In€recent€years,€the€Department€of€Commerce,€through€SIES,€has€taken€aÏleadership€role€in€a€range€of€high€priority€programs€that€involve€international€competitivenessÏand€defense€conversion.€Even€though€the€current€military€threats€to€the€U.S.€are€diminishing,ÏU.S.€economic€security€has€important€implications€for€overall€U.S.€national€security€in€the€21stÏcentury.€Its€major€activities€and€accomplishments€in€FY€1996€are€discussed€below.ÌÌÓ  Óò òIndustrial€Base€AssessmentsÐ h   Ðó óÓCÓÌà  àSIES€industrial€base€assessments€are€industry„specific€surveys€to€collect€information€fromÏacademia,€foreign€companies€with€U.S.€sales€operations,€U.S.€government,€and€U.S.€companies.€ÏThis€is€done€with€the€assistance€of€industry€experts,€both€from€the€private€sector€and€otherÏgovernment€agencies.€€ÌÌà  àBXA/SIES,€on€behalf€of€the€Department€of€Commerce,€has€statutory€authority€to€collectÏthe€appropriate€information.€The€collected€data€serves€as€the€core€of€SIES€analyses,€as€in€mostÏcases€data€with€this€level€of€detail€is€unavailable€from€other€sources.ÌÌòòDefense€Industrial€Capability€AssessmentsóóÐ ‘9 ÐÌà  àHistorically,€the€majority€of€SIES€research€studies€have€examined€defense€industrialÏcapability.€€Assessments€have€been€published€on€such€industries€as€gears,€precision€optics,Ïrobotics,€and€semiconductor€wafer€processing€equipment,€among€others,€as€well€as€detailedÏforeign€dependency€assessments€of€three€Department€of€Defense€(DOD)€weapon€systems.€€MostÏof€these€studies€are€conducted€at€the€request€of€DODððs€secretariat€or€one€of€its€service€branches.€ÏThe€following€are€two€assessments€that€are€currently€underway:€ÌÌòòSemiconductor€Infrastructure€AssessmentÐ „#,! ÐóóÌà  àA€major€research€project€in€its€final€stages€involves€segments€of€many€industries€whichÏproduce€and/or€supply€semiconductor€processing€materials.€€The€majority€of€the€domesticÏsemiconductor€industry€participated€in€the€identification€process€of€key€materials€suppliers€andÏassisted€with€the€survey€design.€€Data€was€then€collected€from€over€100€companies,€both€U.S.Ïmanufacturers€and€sales€operations,€covering€eight€broadly€defined€industries€and€136€uniqueÏproduct€categories.€€The€study€is€scheduled€for€completion€in€late€1996;€the€semiconductor€Ìindustry€plans€to€direct€resources€to€those€subcontractor€sectors€which€are€found€to€potentiallyÏhamper€the€industryððs€competitive€goals€as€outlined€in€the€industry€workplan,€ð ðNationalÏTechnology€Roadmap€for€Semiconductorsðð.Ð ’.:,( ÐòòÌEjection€Seat€AssessmentÌóóÌà  àIn€mid„1996€Wright€Patterson€Air€Force€Baseððs€Aeronautical€Systems€Center€requestedÏthat€SIES€initiate€an€industrial€capabilities€assessment€of€the€domestic€ejection€seat€industry.€€TheÏAir€Force€is€concerned€that€three€of€the€four€remaining€U.S.€seat€manufacturers€may€exit€thisÏbusiness€in€the€next€two€years,€and€that€this€may€lead€to€a€dependency€on€Russian€or€BritishÏseats.ÌÌà  àThe€Air€Force,€on€behalf€of€all€of€the€Armed€Services,€selected€SIES€to€conduct€this€studyÏbecause€of€the€recommendations€developed€through€an€assessment€conducted€by€SIES€last€yearÏat€the€request€of€the€U.S.€Navy€on€the€cartridge€and€propellant€actuated€device€(CAD/PAD)Ïindustry.€€The€Air€Force€asked€for€the€report€to€be€completed€by€April€1997.ÌÌÓ  Óò òForeign€Investmentó óÐ Òz ÐÓÄ"ÓÌà  àSection€5021,€the€"Exon„Florio"€provision,€of€the€Omnibus€Trade€and€CompetitivenessÏAct€of€1988€(which€amended€Section€721€of€the€Defense€Production€Act€of€1950)€providesÏauthority€for€the€President€to€review€the€effects€on€national€security€of€certain€mergers,Ïacquisitions,€and€takeovers€of€U.S.€companies€by€foreign€interests.ÌÌà  àThe€interagency€Committee€on€Foreign€Investment€in€the€United€States€(CFIUS),€and€theÏTreasury€Department€have€authority€to€implement€the€law€in€consultation€with€other€CFIUSÏmembers.€SIES€represents€the€Department€of€Commerce€on€CFIUS.€€The€law€provides€aÏframework€for€a€maximum€90„day€review€of€foreign€transactions.€€This€period€includes€30€daysÏto€determine€whether€to€investigate€a€transaction,€45€days€to€complete€an€investigation,€and€aÏfinal€15€days€for€the€President€to€act.ÌÌà  àSIES€conducts€Exon„Florio€national€security€reviews€in€coordination€with€other€relevantÏoffices€within€the€Department.€€In€FY€1996,€the€Department€reviewed€34€investmentÏnotifications;€no€cases€went€to€the€45„day€investigation€period.€€SIES,€as€a€participant€in€CFIUS,Ïworks€to€ensure€that€the€U.S.€defense€industrial€base€will€not€be€compromised€by€foreignÏacquisitions.€€This€is€consistent€both€with€the€confines€of€the€law€and€the€Administration's€openÏinvestment€policy.ÌÌÌÌÓ  Óò òOffsets€in€Defense€Tradeó óÐ ?+ç(% ÐÓA(ÓÌà  àIn€defense€trade,€"offsets"€are€compensation€packages€often€required€by€foreignÏgovernments€as€part€of€contract€negotiations€for€large€military€purchases.€To€ensure€that€theÐ .8,( Ðcompetitiveness€of€U.S.€companies€is€not€impacted€by€offset€policies,€the€1996€Trade€PromotionÏCoordinating€Committee€(TPCC)€report€recommended€several€actions.€€These€include€consultingÏwith€major€U.S.€arms€producers€and€labor€to€seek€their€positions€on€minimizing€the€adverseÏeffects€of€offsets€in€defense€trade,€implementing€consultations€with€our€trading€partners€onÏoffsets€in€defense€trade,€and€reviewing€U.S.€Government€policy€on€offsets€in€defense€trade€toÏrespond€to€the€changing€nature€of€offset€demands,€which€reflects€both€the€need€for€U.S.€firms€toÏremain€competitive€and€the€need€for€to€maintain€our€defense€industrial€base.€€€BXA€will€play€aÏleading€role€in€addressing€these€offset€issues.ÌÌà  àThere€has€long€been€concern€that€offset€practices€may€be€detrimental€to€the€U.S.€defense„¼industrial€base,€particularly€to€defense€subcontractors.€€Offsets€may€create€or€enhance€foreignÏcompetitors,€displace€U.S.€firms,€and€reduce€U.S.€employment.ÌÌà  àThe€official€policy€on€offsets€was€issued€in€1990,€and€it€notes€that€the€U.S.€GovernmentÏviews€certain€offsets€to€be€economically€inefficient€and€market€distorting.€€The€policy€directs€thatÏthe€U.S.€Government€will€not€enter€any€such€agreements€itself€nor€provide€financing€for€suchÏarrangements.€€The€decision€whether€to€engage€in€offsets,€and€the€responsibility€for€negotiatingÏand€implementing€offset€arrangements,€resides€with€the€companies€involved.€€The€U.S.€policyÏalso€calls€for€consultations€with€our€friends€and€allies€regarding€the€use€of€offsets€in€defenseÏprocurement.ÌÌà  àIn€late€1992,€Congress€passed€an€amendment€to€the€Defense€Production€Act€(DPA)€thatÏbroadened€SIES's€role€with€regard€to€offsets.€€Under€this€amendment,€companies€are€required€toÏreport€offset€agreements€valued€over€$5€million€and€offset€fulfilling€transactions€valued€overÏ$250,000€to€the€Department€of€Commerce.€€SIES€prepares,€in€cooperation€with€other€interestedÏagencies,€an€annual€report€to€Congress€on€the€impact€of€offsets€on€the€U.S.€The€report€providesÏdetailed€information€on€the€impact€of€offsets€on€the€defense€preparedness,€industrialÏcompetitiveness,€employment,€and€trade€of€the€United€States,€and€is€used€in€policyÏrecommendations€to€support€international€consultations€and€to€limit€the€adverse€impact€of€offsetsÏon€U.S.€industry.ÌÌà  àSIES€completed€its€first€annual€report€on€the€impact€of€offsets€during€FY€1996.€TheÏSecretary€of€Commerce€submitted€the€report€to€Congress€on€May€20,€1996.€€The€interagencyÏcommunity€cooperated€in€the€preparation€of€this€report,€as€did€an€informal€group€of€defenseÏprime€contractors€representing€the€Aerospace€Industry€Association€and€the€Defense€IndustryÏOffset€Association.Ì€€Ìà  àThe€report€is€based€on€data€collected€for€the€years€1993€and€1994.€€New€offset€obligationsÏin€1993€were€found€to€be€$4.8€billion,€based€on€sales€contracts€of€$13.9€billion.€€In€1994,€the€newÏobligations€were€$2.0€billion,€based€on€sales€contracts€of€$4.8€billion.€€Offset€transactions,€whichÏare€counted€toward€the€fulfillment€of€existing€offset€agreements,€totaled€about€$1.9€billion€inÐ .8,( Ðboth€1993€and€1994.€€Roughly€one„third€of€these€offset€transactions€for€both€years€were€direct,€orÏrelated€to€the€defense€system€listed€on€the€export€sales€contract.€€Also,€about€three„fourths€of€allÏtransactions€(i.e.,€direct€and€indirect)€involved€the€purchase€or€subcontracting€of€goods€andÏservices,€or€the€transfer€of€technology.ÌÌà  àEuropean€and€NATO€allies€have€the€highest€overall€offset€obligation€demands.€€In€1993Ïand€1994,€European€countries€represented€less€than€one„fourth€of€the€value€of€the€exportÏcontracts,€but€more€than€45€percent€of€the€value€of€the€new€offset€requirements.€€The€percentageÏof€offsets€to€export€contract€values€reported€for€Europe€as€a€whole€was€69€percent.€€For€theÏMiddle€East€and€Pacific€Rim€countries,€these€percentages€were€much€lower,€although€individualÏcountries€had€rates€above€60€percent.€€The€recent€trend€shows€a€relative€increase€in€export€andÏoffset€activity€to€regions€outside€of€Europe€and€NATO.€€However,€Europe€has€also€been€mired€inÏrecession,€and€national€budget€constraints.€€The€worldwide€decline€in€military€spending€has€alsoÏshifted€the€emphasis€of€many€offset€obligations€toward€products€and€technology€that€benefitÏcommercial€sectors.€ÌÌà  àThe€data€also€supports€a€trend€toward€newer€offset€customers€seeking€to€diversify€theirÏeconomies€rather€than€build€or€maintain€a€defense€industry.€€Pacific€Rim€countries€such€asÏSingapore,€South€Korea,€and€Taiwan€are€seeking€offset€deals€that€include€increased€technologyÏtransfer,€particularly€in€aircraft€design,€to€become€self„sufficient€in€defense€production€and€toÏovercome€industrial€weaknesses€that€are€hindering€their€efforts€to€compete€in€the€world€aerospaceÏmarket€with€U.S.€and€European€manufacturers.€€Japanððs€policy€of€co„producing€defense€items€hasÏa€similar€objective.€ÌÌà  àAerospace€weapon€systems€(aircraft,€engines,€missiles,€etc.)€export€sales€overwhelminglyÏdominate€offset€agreements.€€In€fact,€about€90€percent€of€the€total€value€of€actual€offsetÏtransactions€reported€were€in€aerospace„related€sales€agreements.€€However,€of€the€total€actualÏtransactions,€aerospace€products€and€services€represented€slightly€over€51€percent,€with€theÏremainder€allocated€across€dozens€of€other€industry€sectors.ÌÌà  àThe€data€indicates€that€over€the€2„year€period€examined,€offset€percentages€of€sales€areÏslightly€lower€than€in€previous€years.€€In€addition,€the€data€shows€the€use€of€indirect€offsets€hasÏincreased€relative€to€direct€offsets€in€defense€trade.€€Additional€data€is€needed€to€substantiate€Ìthese€trends.€€Future€BXA€Offsets€in€Defense€Trade€reports€will€add€annual€increments€to€thisÏdata.€€Overall,€offsets€continue€to€be€an€important€and€necessary€factor€in€internationalÏtransactions€involving€the€sale€of€defense€articles.ÌÌà  àData€collection€for€the€FY€1997€annual€report€has€already€been€completed,€with€industryÏsubmitting€another€year€of€data€by€the€annual€due€date€of€€June€15.€€A€new€report€based€on€anÏanalysis€of€this€data€will€be€submitted€to€the€Congress€in€1997.ÌÐ .8,( ÐÓ  Óò òDefense€Diversification€ProgramsÐ X Ðó óÓAÓÌà  àIn€response€to€defense€downsizing€and€increased€international€competition,€SIESÏdeveloped€several€programs€to€assist€industry€in€their€efforts€to€diversify€into€the€commercialÏmarket.€Consistent€with€its€role€on€defense€industrial€base€issues,€SIES€serves€as€the€lead€officeÏin€carrying€out€many€of€these€defense€conversion€initiatives.€€During€fiscal€1996,€SIES€continuedÏand€expanded€programs€begun€two€years€ago€to€provide€direct€assistance€to€the€defense€industry,Ïwith€particular€emphasis€placed€on€small„€and€medium„sized€defense€subcontractors.€ÌÌà  àTo€assist€these€firms€in€making€the€necessary€changes€to€survive€in€today's€market,€SIESÏlaunched€the€Competitive€Enhancement€and€Defense€Diversification€Needs€Assessment€in€theÏFall€of€1994.ò ò€ó óParticipating€firms€simply€complete€a€short€survey€that€gathers€basic€informationÐ )  Ðabout€the€company€and€asks€what€type€of€assistance€would€be€of€benefit€to€them,€such€asÏmanufacturing€technology€deployment,€product/service€development,€R&D€programs,€exporting,Ïfinancing,€marketing,€worker€retraining,€and€business€development.€€ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€SIES€sent€the€Needs€Assessment€Survey€to€approximately€15,000€firmsÏnationwide.€€These€companies€were€identified€through€supplier€and€membership€mailing€listsÏprovided€by€major€defense€prime€contractors,€trade€organizations,€and€state€agencies€interested€inÏstrengthening€the€supplier€base.ÌÌà  àAfter€analyzing€completed€surveys,€SIES€forwards€summary€information€to€appropriateÏmembers€of€an€interagency€response€team€who€follow€up€directly€with€the€firms,€providing€themÏinformation€about€the€programs€that€their€organizations€offer.€€The€team€includes€such€diverseÏagencies€as€the€National€Institute€of€Standards€and€Technology,€the€U.S.€Commercial€Service,Ïthe€Economic€Development€Administration,€Department€of€Energy€Laboratories,€the€DepartmentÏof€Labor,€the€Export„Import€Bank,€NASA€Regional€Technology€Transfer€Centers,€variousÏDefense€Department€agencies,€and€the€Small€Business€Administration.€In€this€way,€informationÏregarding€assistance€programs€is€tailored€to€the€specific€needs€of€each€participating€firm.ÌÌà  àA€new€SIES€initiative,€a€series€of€conferences€entitled€ð ðCommercialization€of€DefenseÏTechnologies,ðð€began€this€year.€€These€conferences€were€designed€to€help€small€and€medium„¼sized€businesses€take€advantage€of€emerging€and€existing€technologies.€€Speakers€andÏpresentations€included€private€sector€success€stories,€technology€transfer€and€the€latest€news€onÏpartnering€effectively€with€federal€and€state€agencies.€SIES€cosponsored€the€conferences€withÏCommerceððs€Economic€Development€Administration€and€the€Small€Business€Administration.€ÏThe€events€were€held€at€six€sites€around€the€country€during€Fall€1996.Ìò òÌÓ  ÓDefense€Trade€Advocacyó óÐ ^,*& Ðâ âÓùLÓÐ y-!+' Ðà  àSIES€serves€as€the€lead€organization€within€the€Department€on€international€defense€tradeÏâ âadvocacy€issues.€The€Department€will€consider€supporting€conventional€arms€transfers€only€afterÏthe€U.S.€Government€determines€them€to€further€U.S.€national€security€and€foreign€policyÏobjectives.€€At€that€point,€the€Commerce€Department€determines€if€the€transfer€is€also€in€theÏeconomic€interests€of€the€United€States.€€If€it€is,€the€Department€will€support€it€as€it€would€anyÏother€export.€ÌÌà  à€SIES€recommends€the€appropriate€level€of€Departmental€support€for€the€transfer€andÏgenerates€high€level€government„to„government€advocacy€on€behalf€of€the€U.S.€firm€involved€inÏthe€international€defense€procurement€competition.€€SIES€coordinates€its€efforts€with€theÏSecretaryððs€Trade€Promotion€Coordinating€Committ‚ee€(TPCC),€the€International€TradeÏAdministration's€Advocacy€Center€and€the€Foreign€Commercial€Service€Posts€worldwide.€ThisÏprocess€involves€many€branches€of€the€U.S.€government€and€requires€the€notification€andÏapproval€of€Congress.ÌÌÓ °°§XÓà  àSIES€defense€advocacy€efforts€resulted€in€sales€of€$4„$5€billion€in€FY€1996.€€A€largeÏportion€of€SIES€activities€involve€working€with€the€inter„agency€community.€€This€is€illustratedÏby€SIES's€successful€efforts€in€regard€to€the€$325€million€Kuwait€National€Guard€armorÏpersonnel€carrier€competition€and€Thailandððs€$500€million€fighter€aircraft€competition.€ÌÌÓ  Óò òDefense€Market€Assessment€Programó óÐ t ÐÓ)SÓÌà  àSIES€has€developed€a€program€to€assist€small€and€medium€sized€U.S.€companies€in€theirÏefforts€to€diversify€into€overseas€commercial€markets‚.€International€Diversification€and€DefenseÏMarket€Assessment€Program€is€structured€to€provide€current€market€information€for€dual„use€andÏdefense€products€and€is€being€implemented€through,€a€series€of€international€diversification€andÏdefense€market€assessment€guides.€€The€guides€provide€information€to€U.S.€manufacturersÏregarding€non„traditional€dual„use€and€defense€markets€in€the€Pacific€Rim,€Europe,€the€MiddleÏEast,€and€the€Western€Hemisphere.€€Each€chapter€within€these€guides€offers€comprehensiveÏinformation€on€how€to€do€business€in€targeted€countries,€specific€commercial€and€defense€tradeÏopportunities€open€to€U.S.€firms€in€these€markets,€as€well€as€key€points€of€contact.ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€BXA€published€the€Middle€East€guide€and€Western€Hemisphere€guide.€€SIESÏis€also€working€on€updating€the€Pacific€Rim€Guide.€€These€guides€are€available€in€printed€formatÏas€well€as€through€the€Internet.€ÌÌÝ ƒæ¹ÿÝÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÑ = ÑÝ  ÝÓ  Óò òDefense€Memoranda€of€Understandingó óÐ $*Ì'$ ÐÓîWÓÌà  àThe€review€of€Defense€Memoranda€of€Understanding€(MOU)€is€an€important€SIESÏactivity.€€MOUs€are€international€agreements€between€the€United€States€and€its€allies€for€variousÏtypes€of€cooperation€in€the€defense€industrial€and€defense€technological€fields.€Examples€of€suchÏagreements€include€allowing€a€foreign€country€to€produce€a€U.S.€weapons€system€under€licenseÐ «/S-)=à Ðor,€more€often,€establishing€a€cooperative€research€and€development€program€for€advancedÏmilitary€technolo‚gy.€€SIES's€role€is€to€determine€whether€these€agreements€will€result€in€anÏadverse€impact€on€the€U.S.€industrial€base€and€competitiveness€of€U.S.€industry.€€Even€thoughÏthe€current€military€threats€to€the€U.S.€are€diminishing,€U€S.€economic€security€has€importantÏimplications€for€overall€U.S.€national€security€in€the€21st€century.ÌÌà  àThe€1990€authorizing€legislation€gave€the€Secretary€of€Commerce€a€unilateral€option,Ïwith€Presidential€consent,€to€call€for€an€interagency€review€of€any€MOU€that€Commerce€believesÏmay€have€significant€detrimental€effects€on€the€U.S.€industrial€base.€€SIES€has€now€reviewedÏover€500€international€defense€agreements€since€these€statutory€authorities€were€delegated€to€theÏDepartment.€ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€a€great€amount€of€effort€was€devoted€to€the€negotiation€of€the€ProductionÏPhase€MOU€of€the€U.S.„Japan€FS„X€Fighter€Program.€€U.S.€industry€was€guaranteed€40%€of€theÏProduction€Phase€of€the€program€which€required€a€new€MOU.€€The€Production€Phase€MOU€wasÏsuccessfully€negotiated€and€approved€by€the€Congress€in€FY€1996.€€The€production€programÏ(now€known€as€the€F„2€fighter)€will€be€a€12€year€130€aircraft€program.€€The€net€direct€benefit€ofÏthe€program€for€the€U.S.€aerospace€industry€is€worth€approximately€$4€billion.€€SIES€willÏmaintain€an€active€role€in€the€Production€Phase€through€our€participation€in€the€ProductionÏCoordinating€Group€(PCG).ÌÌà  àSIES€also€continues€to€emphasize€the€importance€of€technology€flowback€from€the€FS„XÏprogram.€€In€December€1995,€SIES€and€the€U.S.€Air€Force€(USAF)€led€a€successful€U.S.€industryÏdelegation€to€Mitsubishi€Electric€Corporation€(MELCO)€to€provide€access€to€FS„X€electronicÏwarfare€related€technology€developments€and€facilitate€U.S.„Japan€company„to„companyÏrelationships.€€In€March€1996,€SIES€and€the€USAF€held€a€symposium€for€U.S.€industry€atÏLockheed€Martin€(Fort€Worth)€on€the€co„cured€composite€wing€technology€transferred€by€JapanÏto€the€United€States.ÌÌÓ  Óò òÌÌEmergency€Preparednessó óÐ $E" ÐÓúaÓÌà  àAnother€important€role€of€SIES€is€as€the€Department's€focal€point€to€ensure€that€theÏnation's€industrial/technology€base€can€respond€effectively€to€the€requirements€of€nationalÏemergencies.€€In€the€post„Cold€War€era,€our€concern€is€now€the€potential€for€regional€conflict,Ïhumanitarian€missions€and€peacekeeping€operations,€catastrophic€natural,€accidental,€and€man„¼caused€disasters;€and€the€potential€threat€of€violence€aimed€at€disrupting€the€continuity€of€ourÏgovernment.Ìâ âÐ u-+' Ðà  àSIES,€along€with€other€Commerce€offices,€is€working€closely€with€the€interagencyÏâ âcommunity€in€support€of€a€comprehensive€National€Security€Council€review€of€National€SecurityÏEmergency€Preparedness€(NSEP)€planning,€policies,€and€procedures.€€This€project€also€includes€aÏCongressionally„€mandated€review€of€the€post„Cold€War€relevancy€and€effectiveness€of€the€DPA,Ïa€primary€source€of€NSEP€authority.€€Commerce€is€the€lead€Federal€agency€responsible€forÏindustrial€emergency€preparedness€planning€and€implementation€of€a€variety€of€NSEP€programs.ÏSIES€has€been€a€major€interagency€contributor€to€ongoing€reviews€and€assessments€of€theÏindustrial/technology€base.€€This€work€ensures€that€the€Department's€industrial€emergencyÏpreparedness€responsibilities€under€Executive€Orders€12656,€12919,€12742,€and€NSD€47,€areÏfully€discharged.€€ÌÌà  àSIES€has€also€provided€ongoing€staff€support€to€the€Under€Secretary€in€his€role€as€aÏmember€of€the€National€Science€and€Technology€Council's€(NSTC)€Committee€on€NationalÏSecurity€(CNS).€€The€NSTC€was€formed€by€the€President€last€year€to€provide€advice€on€theÏdirection€of€national€science€and€technology€investment.€€ÌÌà  àFinally,€SIES€continued€its€work€in€representing€the€U.S.€on€the€NATO€IndustrialÏPlanning€Committee€(IPC).€€The€IPC€is€responsible€for€coordinating€industrial€preparednessÏplanning€among€the€NATO€allies.€€SIES€chairs€the€IPC's€industrial€analysis€subgroup€whoseÏcurrent€focus€is€defense€industry€consolidation€within€the€NATO€Alliance€nations€and€improvingÏinternational€industrial€emergency€supply€protocols.ÌÌÓ  Óò òDefense€Priorities€and€Allocations€Systemó óÐ ªR ÐÓjÓÌà  àUnder€Title€I€of€the€Defense€Production€Act€(DPA),€the€President€is€authorized:€(1)€toÏrequire€that€contracts€or€orders€relating€to€certain€approved€defense€and€energy€programs€beÏaccepted€and€performed€on€a€preferential€basis€over€all€other€contracts€or€orders;€and€(2)€toÏallocate€materials,€facilities,€and€services€in€such€a€manner€as€to€promote€approved€programs.€€InÏaddition,€Section€18€of€the€Selective€Service€Act€of€1948,€and€similar€provisions€in€several€otherÏstatutes,€authorize€the€President€to€require€prompt€delivery€of€any€articles€and€materials€for€theÏexclusive€use€of€the€U.S.€Armed€Forces.€€This€priorities€and€allocation€authority€for€resources€isÏdelegated€to€the€Department€of€Commerce,€and€within€Commerce€to€SIES.ÌÌà  àIn€addition,€a€provision€of€the€National€Defense€Authorization€Act€of€1995€amended€theÏdefinition€of€"national€defense"€in€the€DPA€to€include€emergency€preparedness€activities€asÏdefined€in€the€Robert€T.€Stafford€Disaster€Relief€and€Emergency€Assistance€Act.€€This€willÏenable€SIES€staff€to€use€the€DPA€priorities€authority€for€industrial€resources€to€ensure€timelyÏindustrial€resource€response€to€catastrophic€natural€disaster€and€other€civil€emergency€situations.ÌÌà  àSIES€implements€its€priorities€and€allocations€authority€under€the€Defense€Priorities€andÏAllocations€System€(DPAS)€regulation€(15€CFR€700).€€The€goals€of€the€DPAS€are€(1)€to€assureÐ .8,( Ðthe€timely€availability€of€industrial€resources€to€meet€current€national€defense€requirements;€andÏ(2)€to€provide€a€regulatory€framework€for€rapid€industrial€response€to€national€securityÏemergency€requirements.ÌÌà  àAlthough€the€DPAS€is€designed€to€be€largely€self„executing,€SIES€can€provide€SpecialÏPriorities€Assistance€(SPA)€for€problems€that€do€arise.€€Such€assistance€can€include€obtainingÏtimely€delivery€of€items€needed€to€fill€priority€rated€defense€contracts,€granting€priority€ratingÏauthority,€and€resolving€production€and€delivery€conflicts€between€rated€defense€contracts.ÌÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€40€SPA€cases€were€received€and€worked€by€SIES.€€Of€these€cases,€31Ïwere€submitted€by€NATO€in€support€of€NATO's€continuing€involvement€in€the€Bosnian€crisisÏand€the€deployment€to€Bosnia€during€FY€1996€of€U.S.€and€Alliance€nation€peacekeeping€forces.€ÏNATO€had€very€urgent€delivery€requirements€primarily€for€communications€equipment€such€asÏsearch€and€rescue€and€satellite€communication€radios,€and€for€computer€equipment€andÏperipherals.€€By€working€closely€with€the€communications€and€computer€equipment€producers,ÏSIES€staff€was€able€to€significantly€reduce€the€equipment€delivery€lead€time€from€several€monthsÏto€several€weeks,€and€in€certain€cases,€from€several€weeks€to€several€days.ÌÌà  àAlso€during€FY€1996,€SIES€staff€continued€to€provided€DPAS€training€and€assistance€toÏthe€Defense€Nuclear€Agency€and€its€contractor€in€order€to€ensure€the€timely€delivery€ofÏcommunications€equipment€to€Kazakstan€as€part€of€the€highest€priority€"DX"€rated€Nunn„LugarÏCooperative€Threat€Reduction€Program.€€Other€cases€in€FY€1996€involved€support€for€the€visit€ofÏthe€Secretary€of€Defense€to€Korea,€resolving€a€conflict€between€the€U.S.€Department€of€DefenseÏand€the€French€Atomic€Energy€Commission€over€the€priority€delivery€of€a€supercomputer,Ïensuring€timely€delivery€of€equipment€to€a€U.S.€Navy€contractor€in€support€of€submarine€researchÏand€development,€and€ensuring€preferential€testing€by€a€NASA€contractor€of€a€weather€satelliteÏwith€national€defense€applications.ÌÌà  àIn€view€of€the€dramatic€changes€in€our€national€security€strategy€in€the€post„Cold€War€era,ÏSIES€staff,€along€with€other€Commerce€staff€and€representatives€from€a€number€of€other€FederalÏDepartments€and€Agencies,€began€a€comprehensive€National€Security€Council€led€review€of€ourÏnation's€national€security€emergency€preparedness€planning,€policies,€policies,€and€procedures.€ÏThis€project€will€include€a€Congressionally€mandated€review€of€the€relevancy€and€effectivenessÏof€the€DPA.€€A€report€to€Congress€with€recommendations€is€due€by€October€1997.€€As€part€of€thisÏeffort,€SIES€has€prepared€a€revision€of€several€DPAS€provisions€and€supporting€DPASÏdocuments€(e.g.,€agency€Delegations€of€Authority,€interagency€Memoranda€of€Understanding).€€AÏrevised€DPAS€will€be€published€in€FY€1997.ÌÌà  àFinally€during€FY€1996,€SIES€staff€continued€to€provide€DPAS€training€to€governmentÏand€industry€personnel€and€responded€to€118€requests€for€training€materials€and€regulatoryÏdocuments.€€A€revised€training€program€using€updated€training€materials,€including€a€newÐ .8,( Ðvideotape€presentation,€a€printed€regulation€booklet,€plus€electronic€access€to€all€DPAS€materialsÏand€electronic€filing€of€SPA€requests,€will€be€implemented€upon€publication€of€the€revisedÏDPAS.€ÌÓ  Óò òÌNational€Defense€Stockpileó óÐ Äl ÐÓæ}ÓÌà  àThe€National€Defense€Stockpile,€managed€by€the€Department€of€Defense€(DOD)€underÏthe€authority€of€the€Strategic€and€Critical€Materials€Stockpiling€Act€of€1979,€as€amendedÏ(Stockpiling€Act),€is€a€$6.4€billion€holding€of€strategic€and€critical€materials€which€areÏunavailable€in€the€United€States€in€sufficient€quantities€to€meet€anticipated€national€securityÏemergency€requirements.€SIES€provides€the€Department€of€Commerce's€input€into€policyÏdevelopment€and€ongoing€operation€of€the€National€Defense€Stockpile,€including€acquisition,Ïdisposal,€and€warehousing€of€stockpiled€materials.€ÌÌà  àSIES€(for€the€Department)€and€the€Department€of€State€co„chair€the€Stockpile€InteragencyÏMarket€Impact€Committee€(MIC),€which€was€established€by€the€National€Defense€AuthorizationÏAct€(NDAA)€of€FY€1993€to€provide€expert€interagency€advice€to€DOD€on€Stockpile€acquisitionsÏand€disposals.€€This€advice€helps€DOD€to€meet€its€statutory€obligation€to€limit€undue€marketÏimpact€while€protecting€the€government€from€avoidable€loss.€SIES,€along€with€the€other€MICÏmembers,€also€encourages€DOD€to€adopt€innovative€marketing€programs€designed€to€maximizeÏthe€return€to€the€Government€while€minimizing€the€effects€of€Stockpile€sales€on€both€domesticÏand€global€markets.€€ÌÌà  àThe€NDAA€of€FY€1993€also€directed€the€MIC€to€"consult€from€time€to€time€withÏrepresentatives€of€producers,€processors€and€consumers€of€the€type€of€materials€stored€in€theÏstockpile."€€Accordingly,€under€SIES€leadership,€it€is€MIC€policy€to€seek€as€much€public€input€asÏpossible€to€the€MIC€review€of€DODððs€proposed€Annual€Material€Plan€(AMP)€for€disposal€ofÏexcess€Stockpile€materials,€to€help€guide€the€MIC€in€fulfilling€its€mission.€€Furthermore,€as€aÏresult€of€last€yearððs€publication€for€the€first€time€of€material€disposal€quantities€in€the€proposedÏFY€1997€AMP,€SIES€received€a€significant€increase€in€the€number€of€public€comments€on€theÏmaterials.€€This€action€followed€Congressional€approval€to€publish€AMP€material€quantities,€thusÏmaking€the€MIC€review€process€more€transparent€and€enabling€the€public€to€more€effectively€andÏefficiently€assess€how€proposed€disposals€will€impact€their€business€or€industry.€€The€AMPÏmaterial€quantities€will€be€published€with€the€proposed€FY€1998€AMP€as€standard€procedure.Ì€ò òÐ î'–%" ÐÓ  ÓEconomic€Analysis€of€U.S.€Export€Controlsó óÐ  )±&# ÐÓX‡ÓÌà  àSIES€also€has€a€relatively€new€and€growing€responsibility€for€analyzing€the€economicÏimpact€of€U.S.€export€control€policies€and€export€licensing€decisions.€€BXA€added€thisÏresponsibility€in€October€1994,€in€response€to€certain€recommendations€outlined€by€the€TradeÏPromotion€Coordinating€Committee€(TPCC)€in€its€September€30,€1993,€report€to€the€Congress.€Ð .8,( ÐDuring€FY€1996,€SIES€conducted€economic€impact€studies€on€a€number€of€critical€export€controlÏissues,€some€of€which€are€addressed€below.ÌÌòòEncryptionóóÐ ©Q ÐÌà  àOne€of€SIESððs€most€significant€projects€is€its€ongoing€participation€in€interagency€fora€onÏU.S.€encryption€policy.€€In€1995,€SIES€co„authored€an€interagency€report€on€the€impact€of€U.S.Ïexport€controls€on€worldwide€encryption€software€sales€and€on€the€international€competitivenessÏof€the€U.S.€software€industry.€€This€report€was€prepared€in€accordance€with€a€Presidential€Ìdirective,€which€directed€an€interagency€working€group€to€coordinate€and€oversee€the€conduct€ofÏa€study€of€the€international€market€for€computer€software€with€encryption.€€A€declassified€versionÏof€the€report€was€made€available€to€the€public€in€January€1996.ÌÌà  àThe€interagency€working€group€tasked€the€Department€of€Commerce€(specifically,€SIES)Ïwith€assessing€the€current€and€future€markets€for€encryption€products€and€determining€the€impactÏof€export€controls€on€U.S.€industry.€€SIES€obtained€data€to€assess€the€economic€impact€of€U.S.Ïexport€controls€by€distributing€a€voluntary€questionnaire€to€over€200€software€vendors€and€otherÏinterested€parties.€€Although€survey€respondents€found€it€difficult€to€quantify€the€impact€of€U.S.Ïexport€controls,€the€respondents€did€provide€a€substantial€amount€of€information€concerning€howÏand€why€U.S.€companies€believed€they€were€adversely€affected€by€U.S.€export€controls€onÏencryption€software€products.ÌÌà  àSIES€contacted€over€30€U.S.€overseas€posts€and€obtained€rough€estimates€on€the€size€ofÏthe€encryption€software€markets€in€the€host€countries,€the€growth€potential€of€these€markets,€andÏthe€approximate€U.S.€market€share€in€these€countries.€€SIES€also€consulted€a€number€of€domesticÏcomputer€security€specialists€and€used€information€collected€by€U.S.€market€research€firms€toÏassess€the€current€state€and€future€prospects€of€the€domestic€encryption€software€market.€€SIESÏrelied€largely€on€the€information€it€obtained€from€these€sources€to€prepare€its€portion€of€theÏinteragency€report€on€encryption€software.ÌÌà  àSIES€is€part€of€the€interagency€working€group€analyzing€potential€export€controlÏliberalization€for€encryption€products,€as€proposed€by€Vice€President€Gore€in€July€1996.€ÏSpecifically,€The€role€of€SIES€is€to€ensure€that€the€competitiveness€of€U.S.€encryption€producersÏis€given€the€same€consideration€as€national€security€and€law€enforcement€concerns€in€U.S.Ïencryption€policy€concerns.ÌÑ€ |8ÑÌòòUnilateral€ControlsóóÐ $*Ì'$ ÐÌà  àSIES€has€participated€in€a€number€of€activities€that€address€the€TPCC€recommendation€onÏthe€review€of€ð ðexisting€unilateral€dual„use€export€controls€and€policies,€including€those€nowÏrequired€by€statute.ðð€€SIES€has€prepared€analyses€on€the€economic€impact€on€U.S.€industry€of€aÐ .8,( Ðnumber€of€unilateral€foreign€policy€controls€(e.g.,€crime€control€and€detection€commodities,Ïregional€stability€controls,€and€antiterrorism€controls).ÌÌà  àIn€addition€to€analyzing€the€effects€of€existing€export€controls,€SIES€has€provided€theÏAdministration€with€analyses€of€the€economic€impact€of€proposed€changes€in€U.S.€exportÏcontrols,€such€as€proposals€to€tighten€the€embargo€against€Iran€by€expanding€U.S.€foreign€policyÏcontrols€on€reexports€from€third€countries€to€Iran€and€on€exports€to€the€Government€of€Iran€orÏentities€owned€or€controlled€by€the€Iranian€Government.€€These€analyses€include€assessments€ofÏhow€the€competitiveness€of€U.S.€industries€would€be€affected€by€proposed€changes€in€U.S.€exportÏcontrols.ÌÌòòExport€License€ReviewsóóÐ )  ÐÌà  àSIES€also€has€prepared€economic€impact€assessments€to€assist€other€offices€in€BXA€(andÏsometimes€other€agencies,€as€well)€in€reviewing€export€license€applications.€€These€applicationsÏgenerally€consist€of€transactions€that€do€not€clearly€fall€within€the€scope€of€certain€export€controlsÏor€licensing€policies€and€where€failure€to€complete€the€transaction€would€probably€have€seriousÏeconomic€consequences€for€the€exporting€company.ÌÌòòU.S.€Obligations€under€International€AgreementsóóÐ Y ÐÌà  àSIES€has€examined€the€economic€impact€of€additional€export€controls,€licensing€policies,Ïor€inspection€requirements€that€might€arise€from€future€U.S.€obligations€under€variousÏinternational€agreements€such€as€the€Biological€Weapons€Convention€(BWC)€and€the€ChemicalÏWeapons€Convention€(CWC).€SIES€developed€a€survey€to€identify€those€U.S.€companies€thatÏproduce,€acquire,€transfer,€use,€or€stock€any€of€the€chemicals€or€precursors€listed€in€Schedule€1€ofÏthe€CWC€and€to€determine€the€quantities€of€chemicals€involved€in€each€of€these€activities.ÌÌà  àIn€addition,€SIES€supports€BXAððs€ongoing€efforts€to€strengthen€the€BWC€with€protocolsÏthat€ensure€a€level€playing€field€for€U.S.€companies€and€protection€for€company€proprietaryÏinformation€during€inspections.€€In€July€1996,€SIES€provided€economic€substantiation€for€theÏBXA€position€in€an€interagency€working€group€(IWG)€on€certain€proposed€inspection€provisionsÏof€the€BWC.€€SIESððs€overview€of€the€scope€and€international€competitiveness€of€the€U.S.Ïbiotechnology€and€pharmaceutical€industries€helped€to€persuade€the€IWG€that€the€U.S.€economyÏwould€be€disproportionately€disadvantaged€(relative€to€the€€economies€of€other€BWC€countries)Ïby€certain€BWC€facility€inspection€provisions€then€under€consideration.€€The€BXA€position€wasÏultimately€adopted€by€the€IWG€and€later€by€a€BWC€working€group.ÌÌòòControl€List€ReviewsóóÐ Z,*& Ðâ âÐ u-+' ÐÑ |8]Ñâ  âÑ8€ Sï XXdðXXdð8Ñâ  âÑ  Ñà  àSIES€regularly€provides€support€to€BXAððs€regime€offices€(i.e.,€the€offices€responsible€forÐ X Ðâ âadministering€export€controls€on€dual„use€goods€subject€to€control€under€the€WassenaarÏArrangement,€Nuclear€Suppliers€Group,€Australia€Group,€and€Missile€Technology€ControlÏRegime)€by€providing€economic€impact€data€that€address€issues€such€as€the€appropriate€level€ofÏexport€controls€for€various€goods€and€technologies.€€The€information€provided€by€SIES€oftenÏconsists€of€data€on€the€international€markets€for€specific€goods,€as€well€as€major€U.S.€and€foreignÏproducers€of€such€goods€(e.g.,€satellite€kick€motors€and€machine€tools).ÌòòÌForeign€Availability€AssessmentsóóÐ 0 Ø ÐÌà  àForeign€availability€assessments€identify€and€evaluate€foreign€sources€of€controlledÏcommodities€for€the€purpose€of€updating€the€Commerce€export€control€lists€and€keeping€U.S.Ïindustry€on€an€equal€standing€with€foreign€competitors.€€SIES€received€two€foreign€availabilityÏsubmissions€during€FY€1996.ÌÌà  àIn€response€to€the€first€foreign€availability€submission,€SIES€initiated€a€denied€licenseÏforeign€availability€assessment€on€November€6,€1995,€involving€three€export€license€applicationsÏfor€the€Peopleððs€Republic€of€China.€€The€purpose€of€the€denied€license€assessment€procedure€is€toÏdetermine€whether€a€specific€export€license€application€should€be€approved€on€the€grounds€ofÏforeign€availability.€€Unlike€a€decontrol€assessment,€the€denied€license€assessment€procedure€isÏnot€intended€to€trigger€the€removal€of€U.S.€export€controls€on€an€item.€€On€March€15,€1996,Ïfollowing€the€completion€of€the€assessment,€the€Assistant€Secretary€for€Export€AdministrationÏdetermined€that€foreign€availability€existed€for€semiconductor€automated€test€equipment€(ATE)Ïdescribed€in€the€three€export€license€applications€that€had€been€denied€by€BXA.€ÌÌà  àAn€interagency€review€of€the€denied€export€license€applications€resulted€in€a€decision€toÏmaintain€the€license€denials€pursuant€to€the€provisions€of€the€Enhanced€Proliferation€ControlÏInitiative€(EPCI),€which€were€held€to€apply€because€the€proposed€exports€would€have€made€aÏmaterial€contribution€to€the€missile€related€activities€of€the€Peopleððs€Republic€of€China.€€TheÏlicense€denials€were€maintained,€notwithstanding€evidence€of€foreign€availability,€because€theÏforeign€availability€provisions€of€the€Export€Administration€Regulations€(EAR),€which€wereÏcontinued€in€effect€when€the€President€invoked€the€International€Emergency€Economic€PowersÏAct€(IEEPA),€do€not€apply€to€commodities€controlled€for€EPCI€reasons.ÌÌà  àThe€second€foreign€availability€submission€that€SIES€received€during€FY€1996€requestedÏthat€BXA€initiate€a€foreign€availability€assessment€for€certain€transponders€subject€to€U.S.Ïnational€security€export€controls.€€SIES€is€reviewing€this€submission€to€determine€whether€itÏsatisfies€the€criteria€for€initiating€a€foreign€availability€assessment€as€set€forth€in€the€EAR.ÌÌà  àThe€relatively€small€number€of€foreign€availability€submissions€received€by€SIES€withinÏthe€past€year€can€be€attributed,€in€large€part,€to€recent€relaxations€in€U.S.€export€controls.€€BXAððsÐ .8,( Ðrequirements€concerning€foreign€availability€submissions€and€assessments€remain€unchanged.€ÏSIES€will€receive€and€review€any€properly€prepared€foreign€availability€submission,€but€willÏaccept€a€foreign€availability€submission€and€initiate€an€assessment€only€after€it€determines€thatÏthere€is€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€belief€that€foreign€availability€exists.ÌÌà@ÉÉ"ìàò òIndustry€Outreachó óˆÐ ߇ ÐÌà  àIn€an€effort€to€more€effectively€perform€its€mission,€SIES€has€taken€a€number€of€stepsÏduring€the€past€year€to€inform€the€exporting€community€about€SIESððs€role€within€BXA.€€SIESÏstaff€members€have€made€presentations€before€the€Technical€Advisory€Committees€(TACs)Ïdescribing€the€role€the€office€plays€in€ensuring€that€U.S.€export€control€officials€are€made€awareÏof€the€economic€impact€that€their€decisions€can€have€on€individual€U.S.€companies,€variousÏindustrial€sectors,€and€U.S.€industry€as€a€whole.€€An€important€goal€of€these€outreach€activities€isÏto€obtain€valuable€feedback€from€the€exporting€community€on€the€impact€of€export€controls€onÏcompanies€and€industry€sectors€in€the€U.S.ÌÌÐ  ° ÐÔ‡¼ »XXveÔò ò6.€€Export€EnforcementÐ X Ðó óÔ#†XveX»¼ ±#ÔÌà  àIn€fiscal€year€1996,€BXA's€Office€of€Export€Enforcement€(OEE)€and€the€Office€ofÏEnforcement€Support€(OES)€continued€their€programs€to€prevent€and€investigate€dual„use€exportÏcontrol€violations€and€thereby€protect€important€national€security€and€foreign€policy€interestsÏsafeguarded€by€the€Export€Administration€Act€(EAA)€and€Export€Administration€RegulationsÏ(EAR).€€Additionally,€Export€Enforcement€implements€the€antiboycott€policy€and€programÏarticulated€in€Section€8€of€the€EAA€through€the€Office€of€Antiboycott€Compliance.ÌÌà  àBXA's€Export€Enforcement€arm€has€over€140€trained€professionals€assigned€to€enforcingÏthe€EAA€and€the€EAR,€about€half€of€whom€are€special€agents.€€Export€Enforcement€protects€U.S.Ïnational€security,€foreign€policy,€and€economic€interests€by€educating€exporters,€interdictingÏillegal€exports,€and€prosecuting€violators,€without€impeding€legitimate€trade€activities.€€WorkingÏclosely€with€BXA's€licensing€officers€and€policy€staff,€Commerce€export€enforcement€officersÏapply€their€special€skills€and€understanding€of€the€export€control€system€to€minimize€exports€ofÏpotential€damaging€items€to€unreliable€users.€€€€ÌÌà  àWhen€there€is€reason€to€believe€that€the€EAA€and€the€EAR€have€been€violated,€ExportÏEnforcement's€special€agents€and€compliance€officers€investigate€and€recommend€the€initiation€ofÏappropriate€charges.€€Fiscal€year€1996€ended€with€the€imposition€of€$1,394,000€in€civil€penaltiesÏand€$534,520€in€criminal€fines€for€export€control€violations€of€the€EAA€and€EAR.€€A€total€ofÏ$1,015,600€in€civil€penalties€for€antiboycott€violations€of€the€EAA€and€EAR€were€imposed.€€€ÌÌò òà@ìàExport€Control€EnforcementˆÐ õ Ðó óÌà  àOEE€is€headquartered€in€Washington,€D.C.€€Its€Investigations€Division€has€eight€fieldÏoffices,€located€in€Los€Angeles€and€San€Jose,€California;€Chicago;€Dallas;€Miami;€Boston;€NewÏYork;€and€Springfield,€Virginia.€€Special€Agents€are€empowered€to€make€arrests,€carry€firearms,Ïexecute€search€warrants,€and€seize€goods€about€to€be€illegally€exported.ÌÌà  àOEE's€Intelligence€Division,€also€located€at€headquarters,€is€staffed€by€special€agents€andÏintelligence€analysts.€€This€staff€serves€as€a€conduit€between€the€intelligence€community€andÏOEE's€field€offices,€and€produces€analytical€reports€on€export€control€problem€areas.€ÌÌà  àOES€assists€OEE's€field€offices€and€BXA's€licensing€offices€by€receiving€andÏdisseminating€export€control-related€information.€€OES€also€makes€recommendations€to€licensingÏofficers€based€on€intelligence€and€investigative€information.ÌÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€OEE€conducted€numerous€investigations,€some€of€which€led€to€bothÏcriminal€and€administrative€sanctions.€€It€also€issued€239€warning€letters€in€cases€of€minorÐ ¥-M+' Ðviolations€informing€these€entities€that€OEE€had€reason€to€believe€they€had€violated€the€EAR,Ïand€that€increased€compliance€efforts€were€warranted.ÌÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€Commerce€special€agents€worked€with€the€Department€of€Justice€to€secureÏconvictions€of€11€individuals€and€5€companies.€€(See€Table€II.5„1€for€a€list€of€FY€1996€criminalÏconvictions€for€EAA€violations.)€€Criminal€fines€imposed€in€cases€investigated€by€Commerce€orÏjoint€Commerce€Customs€investigations€totalled€$534,520.ÌÌà  àIn€addition,€administrative€sanctions€„„€either€a€civil€monetary€penalty,€a€denial€of€exportÏprivileges,€or€both€„„€were€levied€on€individuals€and/or€businesses.€€Civil€monetary€penaltiesÏimposed€by€Commerce€in€FY€1996€totalled€$1,394,000.€€€By€law,€civil€penalties€for€nuclearÏnonproliferation€and€foreign€policy€export€violations€are€limited€to€a€maximum€of€$10,000€forÏeach€violation.€€If€national€security€controls€are€involved,€the€penalty€for€each€violation€can€be€asÏhigh€as€$100,000.ÌÌà  àAdministrative€sanctions€may€also€include€a€denial€of€export€privileges.€€An€orderÏdenying€export€privileges€prohibits€the€denied€party€from€participating€in€any€export€transactionÏinvolving€any€€U.S.-origin€goods€or€technology.€€It€also€prohibits€other€firms€or€individuals€fromÏengaging€in€transactions€with,€or€on€behalf€of,€the€denied€party€when€U.S.-origin€goods€orÏtechnology€are€involved.€€Parties€who€violate€this€prohibition€may€also€be€fined,€denied€export€Ìprivileges€themselves,€or€subjected€to€other€sanctions€authorized€by€the€EAA.€€In€FY€1996,€13Ïparties€were€denied€export€privileges€for€EAA€and€EAR€violations.€€(Administrative€casesÏcompleted€in€FY€1996€are€summarized€in€Table€II.5„2.)€€€€ÌÌà  àOEE€and€OES€routinely€review€all€incoming€license€applications.€€During€FY€1996,ÏCommerce€enforcement€personnel€closely€examined€export€license€applications€to€assessÏdiversion€risks,€identify€potential€violations,€and€determine€the€reliability€of€proposed€consigneesÏas€recipients€of€controlled€U.S.-origin€commodities€or€technical€data.€€Based€on€their€review,ÏCommerce€enforcement€personnel€recommended€that€297€license€applications€either€be€rejectedÏor€returned€without€action€because€of€diversion€risks€or€other€enforcement€concerns.€€Together,Ïthese€applications€represented€$150€million€in€potential€illegal€trade.€€ÌÌà  àIn€addition,€as€part€of€Commerce's€ongoing€responsibility€for€preventing€illegal€exportsÏbefore€they€occur,€its€enforcement€staff€initiated€427€pre„license€checks€(PLCs)€and€assessed€theÏresults€of€331€PLCs€completed€in€FY€1996.€€Of€the€applications€subject€to€PLCs,€EEÏrecommended€that€46€be€rejected€or€returned€without€action.€€Together,€these€applicationsÏrepresented€$11€million€worth€of€trade€in€situations€in€which€violations€of€the€EAA€and€EARÏmay€have€occurred€had€the€transactions€been€completed.€€During€the€fiscal€year,€EE€also€initiatedÏ234€post„shipment€verifications€(PSVs).€€OEE€special€agents€conducted€144€PSVs€in€1996€asÏâ âpart€of€the€Safeguards€program,€while€the€remainder€were€conducted€overseas€by€ForeignÐ u-+' ÐCommercial€Service€or€other€personnel€assigned€by€the€American€Embassy.€€Of€the€PSVs,€17Ïcontained€information€that€required€further€enforcement€action.Ìâ âÌà@¸¸ìàò òExport€Enforcement€Initiativesó óˆÐ ©Q ÐÌòòThe€Fastener€Quality€ActóóР߇ ÐÌà  àA€new€area€of€responsibility€for€Export€Enforcement€is€the€Fastener€Quality€Act.€€ThisÏAct,€originally€passed€in€1990€and€amended€in€1996,€requires€that€certain€threaded€fasteners€meetÏspecified€technical€standards€and€that€they€are€tested€by€an€accredited€laboratory.€€OEEððsÏexperience€in€investigating€complex€cases€and€its€industry€programs€outreach€provide€a€valuableÏfoundation€on€which€to€build€the€Fastener€Quality€Act€enforcement€program.€€As€with€exportÏcontrols,€prevention€will€be€emphasised€as€well€investigations€of€possible€violations.ÌÌà  àThroughout€the€summer,€the€Export€Enforcement€staff€worked€with€the€National€InstituteÏof€Standards€and€Technology€and€the€Patent€and€Trademark€Office€to€prepare€the€implementingÏregulations€in€final€form.€€The€final€rule€was€published€in€the€òòFederal€Registeróó€on€September€26,Ð ° Ð1996.€€The€rule€will€apply€to€fasteners€made€on€or€after€May€27,€1997.€€In€September€1996,€aÏone„week€intensive€training€session€was€attended€by€enforcement€personnel.€€The€trainingÏfeatured€speakers€from€industry,€academia,€NIST,€the€American€Society€for€Testing€Materials,Ïthe€Patent€and€Trademark€Office,€and€the€Department€of€Justice.ÌÌà  àIn€the€coming€months,€Export€Enforcement€will€concentrate€its€efforts€in€carrying€out€thisÏnew€responsibility€through€training€and€outreach€to€the€fastener€industry.ÌÌòòProject€OutreachóóÐ û£ ÐÌà  àAs€part€of€its€public€education€efforts,€OEE€special€agents€developed€contacts€withÏprivate€sector€firms€through€Project€Outreach.€€The€program€provides€firms€with€specific€exportÏguidance,€while€giving€OEE€a€better€understanding€of€the€private€sector's€needs,€and€allows€theÏexchange€of€valuable€information€with€which€to€initiate€investigations.€€OEE€conducted€702ÏProject€Outreach€visits€during€the€fiscal€year.€€ÌÌòòSafeguards€Verification€ProgramÐ Ó&{$! ÐóóÌà  àOEE's€Safeguards€Verification€Program€was€developed€in€1990€to€ensure€the€legitimateÏuse€of€strategic€U.S.€goods€and€technology€by€the€newly€emerging€democracies€of€CentralÏEurope,€the€traditional€diversion€points€to€the€former€Soviet€Union.€€Since€then,€OEE'sÏSafeguards€Verification€Program€has€expanded€worldwide€to€conduct€on„site€pre„license€andÏpost„shipment€checks€using€Export€Enforcement€personnel€instead€of€officers€from€Commerce'sÏForeign€and€Commercial€Service.€€The€Safeguards€Verification€Teams€travel€overseas€toÐ .8,( Ðdetermine€the€disposition€of€licensed€or€otherwise€controlled€U.S.„origin€commodities,Ïparticularly€those€of€proliferation€concern.€€These€Safeguards€Verification€Teams€also€assess€theÏsuitability€of€foreign€firms€to€receive€U.S.„origin€licensed€goods€and€technology.€€The€MiddleÏEast€and€Pacific€Rim€countries€now€account€for€the€majority€of€Safeguards€Verification€ProgramÏactivity.ÌÌà  àIn€addition€to€conducting€pre-license€and€post-shipment€checks,€Safeguards€VerificationÏTeams€also€conduct€educational€visits€to€foreign€firms,€often€in€cooperation€with€hostÏgovernment€officials,€or€provide€guidance€and€support€on€preventive€enforcement€matters€to€theÏAmerican€Embassy€personnel€and/or€host€government€export€control€officials,€stressing€theÏimportance€of€detecting€and€preventing€the€diversion€of€U.S.„origin€products€to€proliferationÏprojects.€€ÌÌòòNonproliferation€and€Export€Control€CooperationóóÐ ·_  ÐÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€Export€Enforcement€(EE)€again€provided€enforcement€technical€assistance€toÏa€number€of€countries,€especially€the€Newly€Independent€States€(NIS)€that€possess€nuclearÏcapabilities,€to€help€them€develop€effective€export€control€systems.€€This€effort,€initiated€in€1989Ïin€Central€Europe,€was€expanded€to€Belarus,€Ukraine,€Russia€and€Kazakhstan€under€severalÏNational€Defense€Authorization€Acts.€€Monies€allocated€under€these€Acts€for€assistance€to€thoseÏcountries€for€the€control€of€nuclear€weapons€under€the€rubric€of€Cooperative€Threat€ReductionÔ#†X»ØXXXver#ÔÔ‡XveXXX»ØÔÐ t Ðare€administered€by€the€Defense€Special€Weapons€Agency.€€BXA€received€funds€to€provideÏassistance€to€the€four€nuclear€Newly€Independent€States,€as€well€as€the€Baltic,€Central€European,ÏCentral€Asian,€and€Transcaucasian€states,€€in€several€areas,€including€export€control€automation,Ïpreventive€enforcement,€and€legal€assistance€projects.€€The€Assistant€Secretary€for€ExportÏEnforcement€and€other€senior€EE€officials€met€with€several€Central€European€and€NIS€exportÏcontrol€delegations€in€Washington,€D.C.€to€provide€perspectives€on€EE's€investigative€andÏpreventive€enforcement€techniques.ÌÌà  àAs€a€result€of€EE's€efforts,€the€governments€of€these€countries€have€either€implemented€orÏinitiated€export€control€programs€that€incorporate€concepts€from€the€former€COCOM€"commonÏstandard€of€effective€enforcement"€of€export€controls,€which€are€now€generally€accepted€by€theÏUnited€States€and€our€allies€in€various€multilateral€export€control€regimes.€€BXA€enforcementÏpersonnel,€together€with€other€areas€of€BXA,€the€Department€of€Commerce,€and€other€U.S.Ïgovernment€agencies,€met€with€representatives€from€these€countries€to€support€them€inÏdeveloping€effective€export€control€enforcement€regimes.ÌÌòòSED€ReviewóóÐ ?+ç(% ÐÌà  àAs€the€volume€of€validated€licenses€has€decreased,€EE€has€increased€the€number€ofÏShipper's€Export€Declarations€(SED)€that€it€reviews.€€Under€the€SED€Review€program,€on„siteÐ .8,( Ðreviews€of€selected€SEDs€are€conducted€by€OEE€Special€Agents€at€U.S.€ports€prior€to€export.€ÏOEE€special€agents€review€numerous€transactions€before€selecting€a€smaller€target€group€forÏcloser€scrutiny.€ÌÌà  àA€systematic€review€of€SEDs€at€EE€Headquarters€is€also€conducted€after€shipments€haveÏoccurred.€€OES€receives€from€the€Census€Bureau€microfilm€copies€of€the€actual€SEDs€and€aÏcomputerized€index€of€data€fields€that€includes€the€license€symbol,€ECCN€and€Schedule€BÏnumber€for€every€SED.€€OES€uses€the€index€to€produce€a€list€of€SEDs€targeted€for€closer€review.€€ÌÌà  àOES€looks€at€SEDs€of€transactions€that€may€warrant€further€review,€focusing€particularlyÏon€validated€license€shipments,€certain€general€license€shipments,€shipments€bound€forÏdestinations€of€concern,€and€shipments€of€strategic€commodities€of€proliferation€concern.€€SEDÏsearches€may€also€be€customized.ÌÌà  àFollowing€this€review,€OES€identifies€SEDs€that€may€indicate€violations€of€the€ExportÏAdministration€Regulations€and€refers€them€to€OEE.€€Over€the€past€year,€OEE€initiated€over€330Ïinvestigations€of€suspected€export€control€violations€on€the€basis€of€routine€reviews€of€SEDs.€€ÌÌòòVisa€Application€Review€ProgramóóÐ >æ ÐÌà  àOEE€initiated€the€Visa€Application€Review€Program€in€1990€to€prevent€unauthorizedÏaccess€to€controlled€technology€or€technical€data€by€foreign€nationals€visiting€the€United€States.€ÏSection€734.2(b)(1)€of€the€EAR€defines€the€export€of€technical€data€to€include€the€release€ofÏtechnology€or€source€codes€to€a€foreign€national€(other€than€persons€lawfully€admitted€forÏpermanent€residence€in€the€United€States).€€A€release€of€technology€to€a€foreign€national€isÏdeemed€to€be€an€export€to€the€home€country€of€that€person.€€Under€the€Visa€Application€ReviewÏProgram,€during€FY€1996,€OEE€reviewed€information€on€approximately€40,000€visa€applicationsÏto€detect€and€prevent€possible€EAR€violations.€€Of€these,€240€applications€were€referred€to€OEE'sÏfield€offices€for€further€investigation.€€In€some€instances,€based€upon€OEE's€recommendations,Ïthe€State€Department€declined€to€issue€visas€due€to€the€risk€of€diversion.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓÌÌÌÌÌSignificant€Commerce€Export€Enforcement€Casesó óÐ $*Ì'$ ÐÓèÓÌòòSigma€Chemical€Company€Penalized€$480,000€for€Biotoxin€ExportsóóÐ Z,*& Ðâ âÐ u-+' Ðà  àOn€July€8,€1996,€the€Commerce€Department€imposed€a€civil€penalty€of€$480,000€onÏâ âSigma€Chemical€Company€of€St.€Louis,€Missouri,€for€allegedly€violating€export€controls€onÏbiological€agents€by€exporting€U.S.„origin€biotoxins€on€48€separate€occasions€to€various€non„¼proscribed€countries€worldwide€without€the€required€export€licenses.€€Sigma€Chemical€agreed€toÏpay€the€$480,000€civil€penalty€to€settle€these€allegations.€€This€action€marked€the€first€settlementÏwith€a€firm€involved€in€the€export€of€biological€agents.€€Sigma€is€a€manufacturer€of€researchÏbiochemical€and€diagnostic€reagents,€in€addition€to€approximately€36,000€chemical€products.ÌÌà  àThe€investigation€which€led€to€this€settlement€began€in€1992.€€It€was€prompted€by€aÏGeneral€Accounting€Office€(GAO)€study€of€U.S.€and€international€efforts€to€ban€the€developmentÏof€biological€weapons,€requested€by€then„€Senator€Al€Gore.€€After€the€follow„up€investigation€byÏOEE's€Chicago€Field€Office,€it€became€clear€that€Sigma's€internal€export€compliance€programÏhad€failed€to€properly€interpret€and€implement€the€licensing€requirements€of€the€ExportÏAdministration€Regulations.€€The€Department€alleged€that€on€48€separate€occasions€between€JulyÏ1992€and€January€1993,€Sigma€exported€U.S.„origin€biotoxins€from€the€United€States€to€variousÏcountries€without€the€required€validated€export€licenses.€€These€toxins€were€controlled€forÏchemical€and€biological€warfare€reasons€and€required€Individual€Validated€Licenses€fromÏCommerce€in€order€to€be€exported€to€all€destinations€except€Canada.€€ÌÌòòU.S.€Robotics€Access€Corp.€Penalized€$400,000€for€Illegal€ExportsóóÐ Y ÐÌà  àOn€January€31,€1996,€the€Commerce€Department€imposed€a€civil€penalty€of€$400,000€onÏU.S.€Robotics€Access€Corp.,€of€Skokie,€Illinois,€for€123€alleged€violations€of€the€Act€andÏRegulations.€€Based€on€an€investigation€conducted€by€Export€Enforcementððs€Chicago€FieldÏOffice,€the€Department€alleged€that,€on€41€separate€occasions€between€June€1990€and€June€1992,ÏU.S.€Robotics€exported€U.S.„origin,€high„speed€computer€modems€from€the€United€States€toÏSouth€Africa,€Liechtenstein,€Czechoslovakia,€New€Zealand,€and€Singapore,€without€obtainingÏfrom€the€Department€the€required€validated€licenses.€€In€connection€with€each€of€these€exports,Ïthe€Department€also€alleged€that€U.S.€Robotics€falsely€represented€on€air€waybills€and€ShipperððsÏExport€Declarations€that€the€modems€qualified€for€export€under€general€license€G„DEST€orÏgeneral€license€GLV,€when,€in€fact,€a€validated€license€was€required.ÌÌà  àTo€settle€the€allegations,€U.S.€Robotics€agreed€to€pay€$300,000€of€the€$400,000€civilÏpenalty€the€Department€imposed.€€Payment€of€the€remaining€$100,000€is€suspended€for€one€yearÏand€will€be€waived,€if,€during€the€one„year€period€of€suspension€of€payment,€U.S.€Robotics€doesÏnot€violate€the€Act€or€Regulations,€or€any€condition€of€the€Departmentððs€Order.ÌÌòòCalifornia€Man€Penalized€For€Exporting€Shotguns€to€Namibia€and€South€AfricaÐ ?+ç(% ÐóóÌà  àOn€November€27,€1995,€the€Commerce€Department€imposed€a€15„year€denial€of€exportÏprivileges€and€a€$60,000€civil€penalty€on€James€L.€Stephens,€president€and€co„owner€ofÐ .8,( ÐWeisserððs€Sporting€Goods,€National€City€California,€for€the€alleged€illegal€export€of€certain€U.S.„¼origin€shotguns€to€Namibia€and€South€Africa.ÌÌà  àBased€on€an€investigation€conducted€by€Export€Enforcementððs€Los€Angeles€Field€Office,Ïthe€Department€alleged€that€between€1990€and€1992,€Stephens€conspired€with€overseas€parties€toÏexport€and,€on€two€separate€occasions,€actually€exported€U.S.„origin€shotguns€with€barrel€lengthsÏ18€inches€and€over€to€Namibia€and€South€Africa,€without€applying€for€and€obtaining€from€theÏDepartment€the€validated€export€licenses€he€knew€or€had€reason€to€know€were€required€under€theÏAct€and€Regulations.€€In€addition,€the€Department€alleged€that,€in€furtherance€of€the€conspiracy,Ïand€in€connection€with€each€of€these€exports,€Stephens€made€false€or€misleading€representationsÏof€material€fact€to€a€U.S.€agency€in€connection€with€the€preparation,€submission,€or€use€of€exportÏcontrol€documents.ÌÌà  àThe€administrative€settlement€followed€the€November€20,€1995,€guilty€plea€by€WeisserððsÏSporting€Goods€in€the€U.S.€District€Court€for€the€Southern€District€of€California,€to€one€criminalÏcount€of€violating€U.S.€export€control€laws€in€connection€with€the€illegal€export€of€the€shotgunsÏto€South€Africa.€€Weisserððs€was€sentenced€to€three€yearsðð€probation€and€received€a€$30,000Ïcriminal€fine.ÌÌòòCSP€Incorporated€Penalized€$160,000€for€Illegal€Computer€ExportsóóÐ Y ÐÌà  àOn€January€24,€1996,€the€Commerce€Department€imposed€a€$160,000€civil€penalty€onÏCSPI€for€allegedly€violating€export€controls€on€computer€equipment.€€The€Department€allegedÏthat€CPSI€failed€to€obtain€the€importer€statements€required€by€the€Regulations€for€44€separateÏshipments.€€The€importer€statements€are€intended€to€provide€assurances€against€possible€illegalÏdiversion.€CSPI€agreed€to€pay€$132,000€immediately€to€settle€the€allegations.€€The€remainingÏ$28,000€was€suspended€for€one€year,€and€thereafter€waived€if€no€further€violations€occurredÏduring€that€period.€€The€Departmentððs€allegations€were€based€on€an€investigation€conducted€byÏExport€Enforcementððs€Boston€Field€Office,€which€was€initiated€after€an€examination€of€ShipperððsÏExport€Declarations€at€Bostonððs€Logan€Airport.ÌÌòòViolation€of€Export€Denial€Order€Results€in€Fine€of€$5,000€and€Five€Year€Denial:Ð $E" ÐóóÌà  àOn€April€9,€1996,€the€Commerce€Department€imposed€a€five„year€denial€of€exportÏprivileges€and€a€$5,000€civil€penalty€on€James€J.€Gato,€doing€business€as€Mass€Computer€GroupÏof€Peabody,€Massachusetts,€for€alleged€violations€of€a€denial€order€imposed€on€him€in€April€1990Ïfor€his€€participation€in€the€export€of€computer€equipment€to€Australia.€€The€Department€allegedÏthat,€notwithstanding€the€denial€order€issued€against€him€in€April,€1990,€on€or€about€August€9,Ï1990,€Gato€purchased€four€U.S.„origin€memory€boards€from€a€U.S.€supplier,€which€he€thenÏresold€to€a€third€party€in€the€U.S.€knowing€or€having€reason€to€know€that€the€goods€were€intendedÏto,€and€in€fact€were,€exported€to€Australia.Ð .8,( Їà  àTo€settle€the€allegations,€Gato€agreed€to€the€imposition€of€a€$5,000€civil€penalty,€$3,000Ïof€which€would€be€paid€to€the€Department.€€Payment€of€the€remaining€$2,000€was€suspended€forÏfive€years.€€In€addition,€Gatoððs€export€privileges€were€denied€for€five€years.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓÌSignificant€Joint€Commerce„Customs€Casesó óР߇ ÐÓÅÓÌòòArrests€on€Charges€of€Illegally€Exporting€Military€and€Police€Products€to€Japanese€Firm€LinkedÐ  ½ Ðto€Terrorist€GroupóóÐ 0 Ø ÐÌà  àOn€June€3,€1996,€Milton€Somberg€and€his€son€Howard€Somberg,€the€president€and€viceÏpresident,€respectively,€of€the€Smithtown,€Long€Island€company€Morris€Rothberg€and€Sons,€Inc.,Ïdoing€business€as€Rothco,€were€arrested€by€Special€Agents€of€OEEððs€€New€York€Field€Office€andÏthe€U.S.€Customs€Service€on€charges€of€illegally€exporting€military€and€police€products€regulatedÏby€the€Departments€of€Commerce€and€State.€€The€illegal€exports€included€stun€guns,€tear€andÏpepper€Ìgas,€handcuffs,€gas€masks,€night€vision€equipment,€semi„automatic€ammunition€magazines,Ïdeactivated€hand€grenades€and€chemical€protective€suits.€€The€exports€were€made€to€consigneesÏin€various€countries€and€were€made€without€the€required€Commerce€or€State€export€licenses.ÌÌà  àThe€investigation€itself€was€initiated€when€it€was€determined€that€Rothco€had€exportedÏgas€masks€without€the€required€export€license€to€a€company€in€Japan€affiliated€with€the€AumÏShinrikyo,€a€Tokyo„based€religious€sect€whose€leader€is€currently€being€prosecuted€in€Japan€forÏthe€March€20,€1995,€fatal€sarin€nerve€gas€attack€on€the€Tokyo€subway€system.€ÌÌòòScottish€National€and€Company€Convicted€for€Attempting€to€Export€Computer€Equipment€toÐ û£ ÐLibyaóóÐ ¾ ÐÌà  àOn€May€30,€1996,€David€McKeeve€of€Glasgow,€Scotland,€and€the€company€of€which€heÏis€a€Director,€McNeil€International€of€Edinburgh,€were€convicted€for€having€attempted€to€illegallyÏexport€approximately€$335,000€worth€of€computers€and€related€equipment€from€the€UnitedÏStates€to€Libya€in€October€1995.€€McKeeve€was€also€convicted€of€having€conspired€with€his€co„¼director€and€other€unnamed€persons€to€export€that€equipment,€and€with€having€made€falseÏstatements€to€U.S.€Customs€officials€in€connection€with€that€export.€Through€investigativeÏmethods,€McKeeve€was€persauded€to€return€to€the€United€States€and€was€arrested€on€NovemberÏ2,€1995.€€ÌÌà  àMcKeeve€was€sentenced€to€a€51€month€term€of€imprisonment€and€three€years€probation.€ÏMcNeil€International€was€fined€$125,000,€and€forfeited€goods€valued€at€$335,000.€ÌÌòòCivil€Forfeiture€Settlements€Based€on€Attempted€Illegal€Exports€to€LibyaÐ .8,( ÐóóÌà  àOn€September€22€and€October€6,€1995,€U.S.€District€Court€Judges€in€Miami€and€NewÏYork€approved€separate€settlement€agreements€arising€from€the€attempted€illegal€export€ofÏaircraft€parts€to€Libya.€The€agreements€resolved€civil€forfeiture€actions€resulting€from€a€jointÏinvestigation€by€OEE's€Miami€Field€Office€and€the€U.S.€Customs€Service€€The€combinedÏsettlements€provided€cash€payments€to€the€U.S.€government€totaling€$1.9€million.€€TheÏsettlements€were€the€results€of€forfeiture€actions€filed€in€the€Southern€District€of€Florida€and€theÏSouthern€District€of€New€York€against€money€held€in€bank€accounts€claimed€by€the€estate€ofÏIshan€Barbouti.€€The€settlement€ordered€payment€to€the€government€of€half€the€amount€held€inÏthe€accounts.€€Both€forfeiture€actions€charged€that€the€money€in€the€bank€accounts€representedÏpayments€made€for€the€purchase€and€intended€illegal€export€to€Libya€of€U.S.„origin€aircraft€partsÏfor€Lockheed€C„130€aircraft€and€Boeing€CH„47€helicopters.€€The€actions€were€brought€pursuantÏto€the€civil€forfeiture€provisions€of€18€U.S.C.€Section€981,€based€upon€predicate€violations€of€18ÏU.S.C.€Sections€1956€and€1957€(money€laundering),€the€Export€Administration€Act€(EAA),€andÏthe€International€Emergency€Economic€Powers€Act€(IEEPA).ÌÌà  àU.S.€Customs€began€its€investigation€in€1989€into€alleged€violations€of€the€Arms€ExportÏControl€Act€and€the€IEEPA€by€Barbouti€and€others.€€The€Office€of€Export€Enforcement€joinedÏthe€case€in€1992€at€the€request€of€the€U.S.€Attorney's€Office€in€Miami€to€pursue€possibleÏviolations€of€the€Export€Administration€Act€and€to€support€the€civil€forfeiture€actions.€€BarboutiÏreportedly€died€in€France€in€1990€and€his€firms€are€no€longer€active.€€The€forfeiture€cases€wereÏthe€only€remaining€aspects€of€the€investigation.ÌÌòòStorm€Kheem€Sentenced€for€Brokering€Export€of€Chinese„origin€Ammonium€Perchlorate€to€IraqÐ Åm ÐóóÌà  àOn€March€22,€1996,€Storm€Kheem,€a€resident€of€Bayshore,€NY,€€was€sentenced€to€fiveÏyearsðð€probation€and€350€hours€of€community€service€following€his€guilty€plea€on€January€27,Ï1995,€to€violating€provisions€of€the€Commerce€Department's€Export€Administration€RegulationsÏthat€implement€the€Enhanced€Proliferation€Control€Initiative€(EPCI).€€The€EPCI€provisionsÏprohibit,€òòinteróó€òòaliaóó,€U.S.€persons€from€performing€any€contract,€service€or€employment€that€theÐ g"  ÐU.S.€person€knows€will€assit€in€the€design,€development,€production,€stockpiling,€and€use€ofÏweapons€of€mass€destruction.€These€provisions€make€U.S.€persons€subject€to€prosecution€forÏmaking€a€material€contribution€to€profileration€activities,€even€if€the€commodities€or€transactionsÏare€not€of€U.S.€origin.€€Kheem€was€also€sentenced€to€six€months€home€confinement€withÏelectronic€monitoring.ÌÌà  àKheemððs€conviction€resulted€from€an€investigation€that€disclosed€that€Kheem€and€othersÏarranged€to€transport€ammonium€perchlorate,€a€highly„explosive€chemical€used€to€manufactureÏrocket€fuel,€from€the€People's€Republic€of€China€to€Iraq€via€Jordan.€€The€chemical€had€beenÏdeliberately€mislabeled€as€a€non„explosive€water€purification€chemical€to€disguise€its€contents.€ÏAlthough€the€chemical€was€not€of€U.S.€origin,€Kheem,€as€the€broker€of€the€transaction,€wasÐ .8,( Ðsubject€to€the€Commerce€Department's€implementing€EPCI€Regulations.€€Kheem€also€pleadÏguilty€to€violating€the€Iraqi€Sanctions€Regulations.Ìà  àÌà  à€On€September€20,€1996,€at€the€U.S.€District€Court€in€Hauppauge,€N.Y.,€ChristopherÏGoodlace€plead€guilty€to€a€one€count€violation€of€18€U.S.C.€Section€371,€conspiracy€to€violateÏthe€Regulations€restricting€export€of€U.S.„origin€goods€to€Libya.€€Goodlace€was€Storm€Kheem'sÏemployee€in€a€company€known€as€Bkesco€Incorporated€of€Bayshore,€New€York.€€ThisÏinvestigation€was€conducted€jointly€by€Commerce,€U.S.€Customs€Service,€and€the€FBI.€ÌÌòòPatrick€Lumber€Co.€Convicted€for€Role€in€Illegal€Export€of€Lumber€to€LibyaóóÐ K ó  ÐÌà  àOn€February€12,€1996,€Patrick€Lumber€Company€plead€guilty€to€an€Information€chargingÏit€with€one€criminal€count€of€violating€the€Trading€With€the€Enemy€Act€and€a€criminal€count€ofÏviolating€the€Export€Administration€Act.€€Patrick€Lumber€was€fined€a€total€of€$225,000€inÏcriminal€penalties;€the€Department€of€Commerce€imposed€$40,000€in€administrative€penalties€inÏa€related€administrative€proceeding.€€The€Information€charged€that€Patrick€Lumber€shipped€twoÏseparate€unlicensed€loads€of€U.S.„origin€southern€pine€from€the€United€States€to€Trieste,€Italy,Ïwith€the€knowledge€that€the€lumber€would€be€reexported€to€Libya.ÌÌòòConviction€for€Illegal€Export€of€Tactical€Command€Shelter€to€IraqÐ Y ÐóóÌà  àOn€March€28,€1995,€after€a€five„month€joint€undercover€investigation€conducted€byÏExport€Enforcementððs€Boston€Field€Office€and€the€U.S.€Customs€Service,€Walton€McCarthy,ÏPresident€of€Subtech,€Inc.,€or€Northwood,€New€Hampshire,€was€arrested€for€violating€regulationsÏissued€under€the€authority€of€€the€International€Emergency€Economic€Powers€Act€that€prohibitÏtrade€with€Iraq.€€McCarthy€had€sold€an€underground€tactical€command€shelter€to€an€undercoverÏagent.€€McCarthy€proceeded€with€the€transaction,€despite€his€belief€that€it€was€to€be€exportedÏillegally€to€Iraq€for€use€by€the€Iraqi€military.€The€shelter,€valued€at€$60,000,€cannot€be€detectedÏby€satellite€or€aircraft€surveillance€and€is€invisible€to€troops€on€the€ground.€€The€shelter€wasÏcapable€of€housing€30€troops€and€providing€protection€against€nuclear,€chemical€and€biological€Ìattacks.€€McCarthy€was€arrested€on€the€docks€in€Boston€after€delivering€the€shelter€for€export.€ÏMcCarthy€was€indicted€on€April€26,€1995,€for€violating€the€International€Emergency€EconomicÏPowers€Act€(IEEPA).ÌÌà  àOn€November€28,€1995,€an€Information€was€filed€against€Subtech€also€charging€it€withÏone€count€of€violating€IEEPA.€€On€November€30,€1995,€McCarthy,€President€of€Subtech,€pleadÏguilty€personally€and€on€behalf€of€Subtech€to€the€charges.€€On€February€12,€1996,€McCarthy€wasÏsentenced€to€ten€months€imprisonment,€three€years€supervised€release,€restitution€of€$29,260€andÏa€special€assessment€of€$50.€€Subtech€received€a€sentence€of€five€years€probation€and€restitutionÏof€$29,260€(to€be€offset€by€any€restitution€paid€by€McCarthy€individually),€and€a€specialÏassessment€of€$200.€€€Ð .8,( ЇòòConviction€for€Illegal€Reexport€of€U.S.„Origin€Commodities€to€LibyaóóÐ X ÐÌà  àIn€July€1996,€Thomas€Doyle,€President€of€International€Spare€Parts,€Cheshire,ÏConnecticut,€was€sentenced€in€the€District€of€Connecticut€to€a€fifteen€month€term€ofÏimprisonment,€three€years€probation€and€a€$5,000€criminal€fine.€€Doyle€had€been€convictedÌ€in€July€1996€of€illegally€diverting€U.S.„origin€commodities,€including€fuel€pumps,€to€LibyaÏthrough€Germany€and€Malta.€€Robert€Vance,€Vice€President€of€International€Spare€Parts,€was€alsoÏconvicted€in€July€1996€and€sentenced€to€a€five€month€term€of€imprisonment,€five€months€homeÏconfinement,€and€three€years€probation.€€ÌÌà  àIn€conjunction€with€the€investigation€that€resulted€in€these€convictions,€InternationalÏSpare€Parts€(ISP)€GmbH,€the€German€company€involved€in€the€diversion€scheme,€also€pleadÏguilty€to€various€export€violations€and€was€sentenced€to€pay€a€criminal€fine€of€$75,000.€€In€aÏsubsequent€administrative€proceeding,€the€Commerce€Department€imposed€a€$40,000€fine€on€ISPÏGmbH€and€denied€its€export€privileges€for€a€ten„year€period,€with€the€last€three€years€suspended.€ÏWolfgang€Nothacker,€President€of€ISP€GmbH,€was€also€denied€export€privileges€for€a€period€ofÏten€years,€the€last€nine€years€of€which€were€suspended.ÌÌòòConviction€for€Export€of€Electronic€Riot€Shields€to€RomaniaóóÐ >æ ÐÌà  àOn€March€14,€1996,€William€McNeil,€former€vice„president€of€Protech€Armor€ProductsÏand€former€vice„president€and€treasurer€of€Custom€Armoring€Corporation€of€Pittsfield,ÏMassachusetts,€and€Brian€OððDay,€the€former€export€manager€of€Elite€Worldwide€Services€inÏNewark,€New€Jersey,€plead€guilty€in€U.S.€District€Court€for€the€District€of€Columbia€to€chargesÏthat€they€illegally€shipped€electronic€riot€shields€to€Romania€in€1991.€€In€addition€to€McNeil€andÏOððDay,€three€other€individuals€were€subsequently€convicted€for€their€roles€in€this€transaction.€€OnÏJuly€11,€1996,€Thomas€Lanier,€doing€business€as€Lanier€Shipping€of€North€Bergen,€New€Jersey,€Ìwas€sentenced€to€six€months€supervised€probation€and€30€hours€community€service,€and€on€JulyÏ12,€1996,€Herbert€Allen€was€sentenced€to€two€years€probation€and€a€$5,000€criminal€fine.€€BothÏwere€convicted€and€setneced€for€fasifying€documents€in€connection€with€this€transaction.ÌÌà  àOn€August€2,€1996,€OððDay€and€Charles€Dye€„„who€had€previously€plead€guilty€for€his€roleÏin€the€illegal€transaction„„€were€both€setnenced€in€Washington,€D.C.€€OððDay€was€sentenced€toÏone€year€probation,€a€$1,000€criminal€fine,€and€Dye€was€sentenced€to€18€months€probation€and€aÏ$5,000€fine.€€On€August€7,€1996,€McNeil€was€sentenced€in€Washington,€D.C.€to€18€monthsÏprobation,€a€$5,000€criminal€fine,€and€250€hours€community€service.€€€The€five€convictedÏindividuals€were€successfully€prosecuted€based€on€an€investigation€conducted€by€ExportÏEnforcementððs€Boston€Field€Office.€€The€shields€were€controlled€for€shipment€to€Romania€forÏforeign€policy€and€human€rights€reasons.ÌÌÑ€|¹ÑTABLE€II.6„1€„€FY€1996€Criminal€Convictions€For€Export€Administration€Act€ViolationsÐ .8,( ÐÑ|¹jÑâ âÑ8€SïXXdð XXdð8Ñâ âÑ  ÑÌÔ*qƒBC ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#qÔÔ,¬”d ÔÔ,td ÔÔ,îtd ÔÔ,+td ÔÔ,’t” ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1€DD" s €È€‚¨‚ƒƒ„„1ÐConvictionÏDateÐ 0€DE!6ÞDD „„0ÐDefendantÐ 0€DE!ÃDE „„0ÐViolationÐ 0€DE!ÃDE „„0ÐEnforcementÏOrganizationÐ 4€DED!6ÞDE „„4ÐSanctionÐ H€ED9!à ¨ È DED €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ11/20/95Ð 0€EE!ªR ED „„0ÐWeisser'sÏSporting€GoodsÐ 0€EE!Åm EE „„0ÐIllegal€export€ofÏshotguns€with€barrelÏlengths€18"€and€overÏto€Namibia€and€SouthÏAfrica.€€Ð 0€EE! ¾EE „„0ÐCommerceÐ 4€EED!ªREE „„4Ð3€years€probationÏand€a€$30,000ÏfineÐ H€ED9!àˆ ˆ  EED €(€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ11/30/95Ð 0€EE!Š 2 ED „„0ÐSubtech,€WaltonÏMcCarthy€Ð 0€EE!¥ M EE „„0ÐAttempted€illegalÏexport€of€undergroundÏtactical€commandÏshelter€destined€forÏIraqi€military.Ð 0€EE!öžEE „„0ÐCommerce/ÌCustomsÐ 4€EED!¥ M EE „„4ÐSubtech€receivedÏa€5€year€term€ofÏprobation€and€aÏ$29,260Ïrestitution;ÏMcCarthyÏreceived€a€10Ïmonth€term€ofÏimprisonment,€3Ïyears€probation,Ïand€a€$29,260Ïrestitution.ÌÌÐ H€ED9!é‘, ˆ ( EED €H€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ1/23/96€€€ÌÌandÌÌ7/31/96Ð 0€EE!É q1ED „„0ÐInternationalÏSpare€PartsÏGmbH,€ÌÌTommy€Doyle,Ïand€RobertÏVanceÐ 0€EE!ÿ"§ 8EE „„0ÐDiversion€of€U.S.Ïorigin€commodities,Ïsuch€as€fuel€pumps,€toÏLibya€throughÏGermany€and€Malta.Ð 0€EE!É q=EE „„0ÐCommerce/ÌCustomsÐ 4€EED!x ?EE „„4ÐInternationalÏSpare€PartsÏGmbH€received€aÏ$75,000€fine;ÏDoyle€received€aÏ15€month€term€ofÏimprisonment,€3Ïyears€probation,Ïand€a€$5,000Ïfine;€VanceÏreceived€a€5Ïmonth€term€ofÏimprisonment,€3Ïyears€probation,Ïand€5€monthsÏhomeÏconfinementÐ H€ED9! .µ+P ˆ H EED €¨€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ2/12/96Ð 0€EE!ˆED „„0ÐPatrick€LumberÏCompanyÐ 0€EE!ª£EE „„0ÐIllegal€reexport€ofÏlumber€from€Italy€toÏLibya.Ð 0€EE!žEE „„0ÐCommerce/ÌCustomsÐ 4€EED!ª£EE „„4ЀFined€$225,000Ð H€ED9!ˆ  ˆ ¨ EED € €‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ3/14/96ÌÌÌ3/14/96ÌÌ7/9/96ÌÌ7/12/96Ì€Ì9/20/96€Ð 0€EE!,%ED „„0ÐWilliamÏMcNeil,€ÌÌBrian€O'Day,€ÌÌCharles€Dye,€ÌÌThomas€Lanier,€ÌÌHerbert€AllenÐ 0€EE!,%EE „„0ÐIllegal€export€ofÏelectronic€riot€shieldsÏto€Romania.Ð 0€EE!o h EE „„0ÐCommerce/ÏCustomsÐ 4€EED!T M"EE „„4ÐMcNeil€receivedÏ18€monthsððÏprobation,€aÏ$5,000€fine,€andÏ250€hours€ofÏcommunityÏservice;€O'DayÏreceived€1€yearððsÏprobation€and€aÏ$1,000€fine;€DyeÏreceived€18ÏmonthsððÏprobation€and€aÏ$5,000€fine;ÏLanier€received€6ÏmonthsððÏprobation€and€30Ïhours€ofÏcommunityÏservice;€andÏAllen€received€2Ïyearsðð€probation,Ïa€$5,000€fine,Ïand€100€hours€ofÏcommunityÏservice€â âÐ H€ED9!Ü$Õ< ˆ EED €@ €‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ5/30/96Ð 0€EE!ˆED „„0ÐMcNeilÏInternational,ÏDavid€McKeeveÐ 0€EE!žEE „„0ÐAttempt€to€exportÏ$335,000€worth€ofÏcomputers€and€relatedÏequipment€fromÏUnited€States€toÏLibya.Ð 0€EE!  EE „„0ÐCommerce/ÌCustomsÐ 4€EED!ª£ EE „„4ÐMcNeilÏInternationalÏreceived€aÏ$125,000€fineÏand€forfeitedÏequipmentÏvalued€atÏ$335,000;Ïâ âMcKeeveÏreceived€a€51Ïmonth€term€ofÏimprisonmentÏand€3€yearsÏprobationÐ H€ED9!îç ˆ @ EED €¨€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐ9/13/96¼à  à¼à  à¼à  à¼à  àÐ 0€EE!ÎÇED „„0ÐWilliam€DiasÐ 0€EE!b[ EE „„0ÐConspiracy€to€divertÏaircraft€parts€to€Iran.Ð 0€EE!}v"EE „„0ÐCommerceÐ 4€EED!b[#EE „„4ÐAwaitingÏSentencingÌà @ àà @ àà @ àà @ àÌÐ F€EDD5!³¬' ˆ ¨ EED €8 €‚ˆ‚„„FÐ9/20/96Ð 2€EED!B;(EDD „„2ÐChristopherÏGoodlaceÐ 2€EED!]V*EED „„2ÐConspiracy€to€exportÏammoniumÏperchlorate,€aÏchemical€used€in€theÏproduction€of€rocketÏfuel,€from€the€People'sÏRepublic€of€China€toÏIraq.Ð 2€EED!ÿ"ø2EED „„2ÐCommerce/ÌCustoms/€ÏFBIÐ 4€EEDD!xq5EED „„4ÐGuilty€Plea€„„ÏAwaitingÏSentencing€Ð1'%xq8 ˆ0 8  EEDD 1Ðññà  àà  àà  àññÐ  $8 ÐññÑ8€SïXXdðXXdð8Ññññññ ñÑÑÑTRZìØ' ALegal3Ø'Ø' AÿLegal Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÒX°Òñ ñññÖ€VÿÿÖñññ ñÑ8€WWXXdÈXXdð8Ññ ñññññÒð°ÒÒð°ÒÑÈXÑÑðXÑññññññÓØÓññññññÔ#†X»ØXXXve¦Ù#ÔÑTROäØ'3 Letter Landscape3Ø'Ø'3 Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÔ‡XWWXXX»ØÔÔ‡ô‘õXXWWÔÖ€[ÿÿÖññññññÒ@'Øh¸hl hUUhUUhUU ð 2ð 2@ÒññññññÒ@'ÀwÁhl hãhãhãð 2ð 2@Òññññ10/24/95Ð ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€of€LouisÏAkhtab€Haneef,€alsoÏknown€as€LouisÏSinclair€Coleman¼à  àÐ D¼ ÐKnowingly€and€willfullyÏexported€and€caused€toÏbe€exported€to€Port€ofÏSpain,€Republic€ofÏTrinidad€and€Tobago,Ïfirearms€and€ammunition,Ïwithout€the€requiredÏlicense€or€writtenÏapproval€from€the€StateÏDepartment€and€knowinglyÏand€willfully€exportedÏand€caused€to€beÏexported€to€the€RepublicÏof€Trinidad€and€Tobago,Ïshotguns,€without€theÏrequired€validatedÏexport€license€€¼à @P àà @P àà @P àà @P àÐ gß ÐSection€38€of€theÏAECA€and€SectionÏ2410(a)€of€theÏEAAÐ UÍ ÐLouis€AkhtabÏHaneef,€alsoÏknown€as€LouisÏSinclair€ColemenÐ UÍ ÐExport€privilegesÏdenied€untilÏDecember€12,€2001Ð fÞ Ð11/27/95Ð E½ ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏSheryl€Pinson‚naultÐ 4¬ ÐCaused,€aided,€andÏabetted€the€export€ofÏU.S.„origin€aircraftÏparts€to€Belgium€withoutÏthe€required€validatedÏexport€licenseÐ ðh# Ð787.2€[6]Ð E½# ÐSherylÏPinsonnaultÐ 4¬$ ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$10,000,Ï$5,000€suspendedÏfor€three€years;Ïexport€privilegesÏdenied€for€threeÏâ âyearsÐ ÎF+ Ð11/27/95Ð ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€of€JamesÏL.€StephensÐ wï ÐConspiracy;€exportedÏshotguns€to€Namibia€andÏSouth€Africa€withÏknowledge€or€reason€toÏknow€that€a€violationÏhas€occurred,€is€aboutÏto€occur€or€is€intendedÏto€occur;€made€false€andÏâ âmisleadingÏrepresentations€ofÏmaterial€fact€on€exportÏcontrol€documents;Ïexported€U.S.„originÏcommodities€to€a€personÏor€destination€inÏviolation€of€or€contraryÏto€the€provisions€of€theÏAct€or€any€regulation,Ïorder,€or€license€issuedÏunder€the€ActÐ E½ Ð787.3(b)€[1]Ì787.4(a)€[2]Ì787.5(a)€[2]Ì787.6€€€€[2]Ð UÍ ÐJames€L.€StephensÐ ˆ ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$60,000;Ïexport€privilegesÏdenied€for€15ÏyearsÐ 3 « ÐÔ& ï Ô01/11/96Ô'ï#2SÔÐ #› ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏLasarray€CorporationÐ Š ÐExported€U.S.„originÏbase€wafers€toÏSwitzerland€without€theÏrequired€validatedÏexport€licensesÐ ßW! Ð787.6€€[13]Ð #›! ÐLasarrayÏCorporationÐ Š" ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€exportÏprivileges€deniedÏfor€two€yearsÐ ðh% ÐÌ01/11/96Ð ¬$& ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏLasarray€S.A.Ð ¬$' ÐReexported€U.S.„originÏbase€wafers€fromÏSwitzerland€to€the€then„¼Union€of€SovietÏSocialist€RepublicsÏwithout€the€requiredÏreexport€authorizationÐ W#Ï- Ð787.6€€[1]Ð ½5- ÐLasarray€S.A.Ð ½5- ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€exportÏprivileges€deniedÏâ âfor€two€yearsÐ Š 0 Їâ â01/11/96Ð ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€of€ErnstÏUhlmannÐ wï ÐHand„carried€U.S.„originÏbase€wafers€toÏSwitzerland€without€theÏrequired€validatedÏexport€license;Ïconcealed€from€the€U.S.ÏCustoms€Service€the€factÏthat€he€was€hand„¼carrying€U.S.„originÏbase€wafers€in€hisÏpersonal€effects€Ð Þ V  Ð787.6€€€€€€[1]Ì787.5(a)(1)[1]Ð wï  ÐErnst€UhlmannÌÌÐ fÞ ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$50,000,Ï$25,000€suspendedÏfor€one€yearÐ D¼ Ð01/11/96Ð ¼4  ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏEugene€T.€FitzgibbonsÐ «#  ÐCaused,€aided,€andÏabetted€the€export€byÏLasarray€of€U.S.„originÏbase€wafers€toÏSwitzerland€without€theÏrequired€validatedÏexport€licensesÐ VÎ Ð787.2€€[13]Ð ¼4  ÐEugene€T.ÏFitzgibbonsÐ «#  ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$20,000,Ï$10,000€suspendedÏfor€one€yearÐ xð Ð01/11/96Ð 4¬ ÐIn€the€Matter€of€EdwinÏBarrowcliffÐ #› ÐCaused,€aided,€andÏabetted€the€export€byÏLasarray€of€U.S.„originÏbase€wafers€toÏSwitzerland€without€theÏrequired€validatedÏexport€licensesÐ ÎF% Ð787.2€€[13]Ð 4¬% ÐEdwin€BarrowcliffÐ 4¬% ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$20,000,€allÏsuspended€for€oneÏâ âyearÐ ðh) ЇññññññÑ ÈÑÑ ðÑññññññÔ& ï Ô01/17/96Ô'ïˆË[ÔÐ ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€of€GracoÏDeutschland€GmbHÐ wï ÐReexported€U.S.„originÏspraying€equipment€fromÏGermany€to€Libya€withoutÏobtaining€the€requiredÏreexport€authorization;Ïcaused,€aided,€orÏabetted€the€reexport€byÏselling€the€U.S.„originÏâ âspraying€equipment€to€aÏthird€party€with€theÏknowledge€that€the€thirdÏparty€was€acting€as€anÏagent€for€a€LibyanÏcompany€and€would€exportÏthe€equipment€to€LibyaÐ š  Ð787.6€€[1]Ì787.2€€[1]Ð wï ÐGraco€DeutschlandÏGmbHÐ wï ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏâ âof€$10,000Ð fÞ ÐÌñ"ñÑ€]Ññ"ñ01/24/96Ð wï ÐIn€the€Matter€of€CSPÏInc.Ð wï ÐExported€U.S.„originÏcomputer€equipment€toÏthe€United€Kingdom,ÏNorway,€Federal€RepublicÏof€Germany,€Italy,ÏSwitzerland€and€theÏNetherlands€underÏgeneral€license€GCT,Ïwithout€first€obtainingÏthe€required€importerÏstatement;€transportedÏand€sold€U.S.„originÏcomputer€equipment€withÏknowledge€or€reason€toÏknow€that€a€violation€ofÏthe€Act,€or€anyÏregulation,€order,€orÏlicense€issued€under€theÏAct€has€occurred,€isÏabout€to€occur,€or€isÏâ âintended€to€occurÐ 4¬ Ð787.4(a)€€[44]Ì787.6€€€€€[44]Ð wï ÐCSP€Inc.Ð ˆ ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$160,000,Ï$28,000€suspendedÏâ âfor€one€yearÐ D¼ Ðñ!ñññѰ ÑѰ Ññññ!ñ01/26/96Ð ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏRonald€J.€HoffmanÐ wï ÐExported€itemsÏcontrolled€on€the€U.S.ÏMunitions€List,Ïincluding€technical€dataÏdirectly€related€to€theÏStrategic€DefenseÏInitiative€and€otherÏmissile€technology,€toÏJapan,€Germany,€andÏSouth€Africa€withoutÏobtaining€the€requiredÏexport€license€orÏwritten€approval€fromÏthe€U.S.€Department€ofÏâ âState;€failed€toÏregister€as€a€defenseÏexporter€with€the€U.S.ÏDepartment€of€State,ÏOffice€of€Defense€TradeÏControlsÐ E½ ÐSection€38€of€theÏAECAÐ wï ÐRonald€J.€HoffmanÐ ˆ ÐExport€privilegesÏdenied€untilÏApril€20,€2002Ð fÞ Ðñ#ñÑ€^Ññ#ñ01/31/96Ð #› ÐIn€the€Matter€of€U.S.ÏRobotics€Access€Corp.,Ïformerly€U.S.ÏRobotics,€Inc.Ð ðh ÐExported€Courier€modemsÏto€South€Africa,€NewÏZealand,€Czechoslovakia,ÏLiechtenstein,€andÏSingapore€withoutÏobtaining€the€requiredÏvalidated€exportÏlicenses€U.S.€RoboticsÏknew€or€had€reason€toÏknow€were€required;€madeÏfalse€and€misleadingÏstatements€of€materialÏfact€on€export€controlÏdocumentsÐ F$¾' Ð787.4(a)€€[41]Ì787.5(a)€€[41]Ì787.6€€€€€[41]Ð y) ÐU.S.€RoboticsÏAccess€Corp.,Ïformerly€U.S.ÏRobotics,€Inc.Ð ðh, ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$400,000,Ï$100,000Ïsuspended€for€oneÏyearÐ ÎF1 Ð02/05/96Ð ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏScientificÏInternational,€Inc.Ð fÞ ÐExported€and€caused€toÏbe€exported€660€graphiteÏseal€assemblies€to€theÏDepartment€of€AtomicÏEnergy€in€Bombay,€India,Ïthrough€West€Germany,Ïwithout€first€havingÏobtained€the€requiredÏvalidated€export€licenseÐ  x  ÐSection€38€of€theÏAECAÐ wï  ÐScientificÏInternational,ÏInc.Ð fÞ  ÐExport€privilegesÏdenied€until€JuneÏ29,€2002Ð fÞ Ð02/08/96Ð Þ V  ÐIn€the€Matter€of€LeifÏKare€JohansenÐ ÍE  ÐReexported€U.S.„originÏcomputer€equipment€fromÏNorway,€via€Denmark,€toÏPoland€without€obtainingÏthe€reexportÏauthorization€he€knew€orÏhad€reason€to€know€wasÏrequiredÐ gß Ð787.4(a)€[1]Ì787.6€€€€[1]Ð ÍE  ÐLeif€KareÏJohansenÐ ÍE  ÐExport€privilegesÏdenied€for€tenÏyearsÐ ¼4  Ð02/12/96Ð E½ ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏPatrick€Lumber€CompanyÐ 4¬ ÐExported€U.S.„originÏSouthern€Yellow€PineÏlumber€from€the€UnitedÏStates€through€Italy€toÏLibya€without€theÏvalidated€licenses€thatÏPatrick€Lumber€knew€orÏhad€reason€to€know€wereÏrequired;€exportedÏcommodities€to€a€personÏor€destination€inÏviolation€of€or€contraryÏto€the€terms€of€the€Act,Ïor€any€regulation,€orderÏor€license€issued€underÏthe€ActÐ F$¾+ Ð787.4(a)€€[2]Ì787.6€€€€€[2]Ð 4¬, ÐPatrick€LumberÏCompanyÐ 4¬- ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$40,000,Ï$20,000€suspendedÏfor€one€yearÐ y1 Ð04/09/96Ð ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€of€JamesÏJ.€GatoÐ wï ÐGato,€a€person€deniedÏall€U.S.€exportÏprivileges,€resold,Ïtransferred€and€disposedÏof€U.S.„originÏcommodities€to€a€thirdÏparty,€knowing€or€havingÏreason€to€know€that€theÏthird€party€intended€to,Ïand€in€fact€did,€exportÏthe€commodities€toÏAustraliaÐ ÍE  Ð787.4(a)€€[1]Ì787.6€€€€€[1]Ð wï  ÐJames€J.€GatoÐ ˆ  ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏof€$5,000,€$2,000Ïsuspended€forÏfive€years;Ïexport€privilegesÏdenied€for€fiveÏyearsÐ  ‰ Ð04/19/96Ð «#  ÐIn€the€Matter€of€MegaÏComputer€Corporation€Ð š  ÐExported€U.S.„originÏcomputer€equipment€toÏSingapore€withoutÏobtaining€the€requiredÏvalidated€export€licenseÐ gß ÐSection€2410(a)Ïof€the€EAAÐ š  ÐMega€ComputerÏCorporation;Ïrelated€personsÏPeng€K.€Lim€andÏPayling€WangÐ gß ÐModified€Order€ofÏAugust€10,€1994,Ïby€adding€Peng€K.ÏLim€and€PaylingÏWang€as€personsÏrelated€to€MegaÏComputerÏCorporation€andÏdenying€theirÏexport€privilegesÏuntil€March€23,Ï2002Ð ðh) Ð05/29/96Ð ÎF) ÐIn€the€Matter€of€CaseÏCorporationÐ ½5* ÐMade€false€andÏmisleading€statements€ofÏmaterial€fact€on€exportÏcontrol€documentsÐ ›- Ð787.5(a)€€[6]Ð ÎF- ÐCase€CorporationÐ ÎF- ÐConsent€agreementÏ„€civil€penaltyÏâ âof€$45,000Ð ¬$/ Ї06/11/96Ð ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€of€ISPÏInternational€SpareÏParts€GmbHÐ fÞ ÐConspired€to€ship€U.S.„¼origin€fuel€pumps€toÏLibya€through€GermanyÏand€Malta,€knowing€thatÏsuch€shipments€wereÏâ âprohibited€by€theÏRegulations;€caused,Ïaided€or€abetted€theÏreexport€of€U.S.„originÏfuel€pumps,€eitherÏdirectly€from€Germany€orÏthrough€Malta,€to€LibyaÏwithout€the€requiredÏauthorizationÐ «#  Ð787.2€€€€€[3]Ì787.3(b)€€[1]Ð wï ÐISP€InternationalÏSpare€Parts€GmbHÐ wï ÐSettlementÏagreement€„€civilÏpenalty€ofÏ$40,000;€exportÏprivileges€deniedÏfor€10€years,Ïthree€yearsÏsuspendedÐ  ‰ Ð06/11/96Ð ‰ ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏWolfgang€NothackerÐ xð ÐConspired€to€ship€U.S.„¼origin€fuel€pumps€toÏLibya€through€GermanyÏand€Malta,€knowing€thatÏsuch€shipments€wereÏprohibited€by€theÏRegulations;€caused,Ïaided€or€abetted€theÏreexport€of€U.S.„originÏfuel€pumps,€eitherÏdirectly€from€Germany€orÏthrough€Malta,€to€LibyaÏwithout€the€requiredÏauthorizationÌÐ ›' Ð787.2€€€€[3]Ì787.3(b)€[1]Ð xð( ÐWolfgangÏNothackerÐ xð) ÐSettlementÏagreement€„Ïexport€privilegesÏdenied€for€10Ïyears,€nine€yearsÏsuspendedÐ 4¬. ÐÌ07/08/96Ð h"à/ ÐIn€the€Matter€of€SigmaÏChemical€CompanyÐ h"à0 ÐExported€U.S.„originÏbiotoxins€to€variousÏcountries€withoutÏobtaining€the€requiredÏvalidated€licensesÐ 5%­ 4 Ð787.6€[48]Ð y!ñ4 ÐSigma€ChemicalÏCompanyÐ h"à5 ÐSettlementÏagreement€„€civilÏpenalty€ofÏ$480,000Ð F$¾8 Ð08/23/96Ð ˆ ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏBeckman€InstrumentsÏInternational€S.A.Ð fÞ ÐReexported€a€U.S.„originÏLS€6000€LiquidÏScintillation€CounterÏfrom€Switzerland€toÏNorth€Korea€withoutÏobtaining€the€requiredÏreexport€authorizationÐ " š Ð787.6€[2]Ð ˆ ÐBeckmanÏInstrumentsÏInternationalÏS.A.Ð UÍ  ÐSettlementÏagreement€„€civilÏpenalty€ofÏ$12,000Ð UÍ Ð08/23/96Ð  x ÐIn€the€Matter€of€YeowÏKong€Electric€Company,Ïnow€doing€business€asÏAggreko€(Singapore)ÏPte€Ltd.Ð ¼4  ÐReexported€U.S.„originÏspare€parts€for€smallÏ4HP€to€12HP€engines€fromÏSingapore€to€VietnamÏwithout€obtaining€theÏrequired€reexportÏauthorizationÐ š  Ð787.6€€[1]Ð  x ÐYeow€KongÏElectric€CompanyÐ ï g ÐSettlementÏagreement€„€civilÏpenalty€of€$2,000Ð Þ V  Ð09/05/96Ð xð ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏGeoservices€Eastern,ÏInc.Ð VÎ ÐReexported€a€U.S.„originÏAT+€graphic€productionÏlogging€computer€systemÏto€Vietnam€withoutÏobtaining€the€requiredÏreexport€authorization,Ïknowing€or€having€reasonÏto€know€that€a€violationÏof€the€Act€or€anyÏregulation,€order,€orÏlicense€was€about€toÏoccur,€or€was€intendedÏto€occurÐ ¬$) Ð787.6€€€€€[1]Ì787.4(a)€€[1]Ð gß* ÐGeoservicesÏEastern,€Inc.Ð gß+ ÐSettlementÏagreement€„€civilÏpenalty€ofÏ$10,000Ð E½. Ð09/26/96Ð Š . ÐIn€the€Matter€ofÏSierra€Rutile€America,ÏInc.Ð h"à0 ÐExported€U.S.„originÏsodium€fluoride€toÏSierra€Leone€withoutÏobtaining€the€requiredÏvalidated€licensesÐ F$¾4 Ð787.6€€[8]Ð Š 4 ÐSierra€RutileÏAmerica,€Inc.Ð y!ñ5 ÐSettlementÏagreement€„€civilÏpenalty€ofÏ$30,000,€$15,000Ïsuspended€for€oneÏyearÔ#†ôôg õõô‘_J#ÔÔ‡,ôÙ^,õ õôôgÔÐ 5%­ : ÐÒ@ÀwÁhl hãhãhã,ì,ì@ÒÖ€[øÖÔ#†ôôg õ,õ,ôÙ^8€#ÔÔ#†X»ØX õôôg~J#ÔÔ‡XveXXX»ØÔñ$ñÐ  È Ðñ$ñññÑXÈÑÑXðÑÒ°ðÒÒ°ðÒññññÑTRXà3Ø' LetterOäØ'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' LetterØ'3 Letter LandscapeTÑññÔ#†X»ØXXXve#Ôñ#ñññØxxØñññ#ñÔ‡XveXXX»ØÔÑ8€SïXXdðXXdð8Ñ€€Office€of€Antiboycott€ComplianceÐ X ÐÌò òÓ  ÓOAC€Operating€Unitsó óà@@ìì*ìàÐ Ž6 ÐÔ#†X»ØXXXve.ƒ#ÔÓÀƒÓÔ‡XveXXX»ØÔÌà  àThe€Office€of€Antiboycott€Compliance€(OAC)€is€responsible€for€implementing€theÏantiboycott€provisions€of€the€Export€Administration€Act€and€Regulations.€€The€Office€performsÏthree€main€functions:€enforcing€the€Regulations,€assisting€the€public€in€complying€with€theÏRegulations,€and€compiling€and€analyzing€information€regarding€international€boycotts.€ÏCompliance€officers€enforce€the€Regulations€through€investigations€and€audits.€€The€ComplianceÏPolicy€Division€provides€advice€and€guidance€to€the€public€concerning€application€of€theÏRegulations€and€analyzes€information€about€boycotts.€ÌÌà@JJ ìàò òEnforcement€Divisionó óÔ& ‡ ԈРœD  ÐÌà  àThe€investigative€teams€of€the€Enforcement€Division€implement€the€investigative€andÏenforcement€functions€of€the€Office,€including:€conducting€compliance€reviews;€investigatingÏpotential€violations;Ô'‡œä†Ô€€issuing€pre„charging€letters€for€alleged€violations;€€negotiating€settlementsÏwhere€violations€are€alleged;€€preparing€settlement€documents€or€charging€letters€initiatingÏadministrative€proceedings;€preparing€cases€for€referral€to€the€Office€of€the€Chief€Counsel€forÏExport€Administration€for€litigation;€€assisting€the€Office€of€the€Chief€Counsel€for€ExportÏAdministration€in€litigation€of€charges€brought€under€the€antiboycott€provisions€of€the€Act;€andÏpreparing€cases€for€referral€to€the€Department€of€Justice€for€criminal€prosecution,€Ô& Ø ÔÌÌò òÓ  ÓCompliance€Policy€Divisionó óÐ Åm ÐÓŠÓÌà  àThe€Compliance€Policy€Division€is€responsible€for€developing€and€coordinating€policiesÏand€initiatives€to€promote€compliance€with€the€antiboycott€policies€and€requirements€of€the€Act.€ÏThis€includes:€€€preparing€amendments,€interpretations,€and€clarifications€of€the€Regulations;ÏÔ'Ø ŠÔreviewing€international€boycott€activity€through€communication€with€diplomatic€posts,€analysisÏof€reports€received€by€OAC€and€review€of€information€from€other€sources;€preparing€reports€onÏboycott€activity€for€use€by€U.S.€embassies€and€others€in€efforts€to€bring€an€end€to€the€boycott;Ïdeveloping€public€education€programs€to€assist€U.S.€companies€in€complying€with€theÏRegulations;€counselling€parties€on€requirements€of€the€law€and€compliance€practices;€reviewingÏenforcement€actions€to€ensure€consistency€with€policy€guidelines;€processing€all€boycott€reportsÏfiled€with€the€Department;€and€supervising€the€informal€telephone€advice€provided€by€OACÏprofessionals€to€members€of€the€public.ÌÌÓ  Óò òÐ  ?+ç(% ÐEnforcement€Activitiesó óÐ X ÐÓVŽÓÌà  àDuring€the€fiscal€year,€OAC€continued€to€pursue€more€serious€violations€of€theÏRegulations,€such€as€discrimination€based€on€religion,€refusals€to€do€business€with€otherÏcompanies€for€boycott€reasons€and€furnishing€prohibited€information.€€More€than€one€third€of€theÏsettlements€reached€in€FY€1996€involved€alleged€violations€of€the€prohibition€against€knowinglyÏagreeing€to€refuse€to€do€business€with€other€companies€for€boycott€reasons.€€Others€involvedÏfurnishing€information€about€business€relationships.€€Several€cases€involved€violations€of€theÏreporting€requirements€of€the€Regulations.€€More€than€one„half€of€the€settlements€involvedÏalleged€violations€of€two€or€more€sections€of€the€Regulations.ÌÌòòCases€CompletedóóÐ )  ÐÌà  àA€total€of€25€enforcement€actions€were€completed€in€FY€1996.€€Of€that€total,€20€wereÏconsent€agreements.€€The€Office€closed€two€cases€involving€reporting€violations€with€warningÏletters€for€minor€violations.€€Three€cases€resulted€in€the€Under€Secretary€for€ExportÏAdministration€issuing€final€orders€imposing€civil€penalties€and€denials€of€export€privileges.€ÏAdditionally,€10€investigative€cases€were€closed€because€violations€were€not€found.€€ÌÌòòConsent€Agreements€and€Penalties€ImposedóóÐ Y ÐÌà  àMost€of€the€OAC€investigations€which€involved€allegations€of€serious€violations€wereÏresolved€through€settlement.€€Consent€agreements€are€used€as€a€vehicle€for€these€settlements.€ÏHistorically,€€an€overwhelming€majority€of€cases€brought€by€OAC€have€been€settled€in€thisÏmanner.€€These€agreements€may€provide€for€payment€of€civil€penalties,€denial€of€exportÏprivileges€and,€occasionally,€for€the€establishment€of€compliance€programs.€ÌÌà  àCivil€penalties€imposed€in€the€20€consent€agreements€totaled€$887,600€in€FY€1996.€ÏMajor€cases€included:ÌÌòòà  àSundstrand€Corporation,€of€Rockford,€Illinoisóó,€paid€a€$350,000€civil€penalty€to€settleÐ ‚#*! Ðallegations€that€it€failed€to€report,€as€required€by€the€regulations,€175€receipts€of€requests€to€takeÏactions€which€have€the€effect€of€furthering€or€supporting€restrictive€trade€practices€or€boycotts.ÌÌòòà  àSundstrand€International,€S.A.óó,€located€in€France,€is€a€wholly„owned€subsidiary€ofÐ î'–%" ÐSundstrand€Corporation.€€Sundstrand€International,€S.A.,€paid€a€$200,000€civil€penalty€to€settleÏallegations€that€it€did€not€report,€€as€required€by€the€Regulations,€its€receipt€of€100€requests€toÏtake€actions€that€furthered€or€supported€a€restrictive€trade€practice€or€boycott.ÌÌà  àòòSummit€International€American,€Ltdóó.,€doing€business€as€American€Pulp€and€PaperÐ u-+' ÐCompany,€is€located€in€Redmond,€Washington.€€Summit€agreed€to€the€imposition€of€a€$55,000Ð .8,( Ðcivil€penalty€to€settle€allegations€that,€on€two€occasions,€it€agreed€to€refuse€to€do€business€withÏother€companies€pursuant€to€boycott€requirements,€furnished€one€item€of€information€concerningÏanother€company's€blacklist€status,and€furnished€one€item€of€information€concerning€Summit'sÏbusiness€relationship€with€another€company.€€The€Department€also€alleged€that€Summit,€on€sixÏoccasions,€failed€to€report€its€receipt€of€a€boycott„related€request€as€required€by€the€Regulations.ÌÌòòà  àNorthern€Trust€Companyóó,€located€in€Chicago,€Illinois,€paid€a€$19,000€civil€penalty€toÐ ú¢ Ðsettle€allegations€that,€on€three€occasions,€it€failed€to€maintain€records€related€to€reportableÏboycott€requests€and€failed€to€report€to€the€Department€its€receipt€€of€two€boycott„related€requestsÏas€required€by€the€Regulations.€ÌÌà  àòòArab€Banking€Corporationóó,€a€New€York€City€branch€of€Arab€Banking€Corporation€ofÐ )  ÐBahrain,€Inc.,€paid€a€civil€penalty€of€$30,500€to€settle€allegations€that,€on€three€occasions,€it€failedÏto€maintain€records€related€to€reportable€boycott€requests€and€failed€to€report€to€the€DepartmentÏits€receipt€€of€seven€boycott„related€requests€as€required€by€the€Regulations.€ÌÌòòà  àAbbott€Laboratories,óó€located€in€Abbott€Park,€Illinois,€€paid€a€$75,000€civil€penalty€onÐ ° Ðbehalf€of€three€of€its€subsidiaries,€listed€below,€to€settle€allegations€that€each€violated€theÏRegulations.ÌÌòòà  àSequoia„Turner€Corporationóó,€located€in€Mountain€View,€California,€agreed€to€pay€aÐ t Ð$6,000€civil€penalty€to€settle€allegations€that€it€furnished€information€about€its€businessÏrelationships€with€Israel€and€failed,€on€four€occasions,€to€report€its€receipt€of€boycott„relatedÏrequests€as€required€by€the€Regulations.ÌÌòòà  àAbbott€GmbHóó,€located€in€Delkenheim,€Germany,€agreed€to€pay€a€$36,000€civil€penalty€toÐ û£ Ðsettle€allegations€that,€on€one€occasion,€it€agreed€to€refuse€to€do€business€with€boycottedÏcompanies.€€The€Department€also€alleged€that,€on€33€occasions,€Abbott€GmbH€failed€to€report€itsÏreceipt€of€boycott„related€requests€as€required€by€the€Regulations.ÌÌà  àòòAbbott€Laboratories,€S.A.óó€located€in€Geneva,€Switzerland,€agreed€to€pay€a€$33,000€civilÐ ‚#*! Ðpenalty€to€settle€allegations€that,€on€33€occasions,€it€failed€to€report€its€receipt€of€boycott„relatedÏrequests€as€required€by€the€Regulations.ÌÌòòÌÌÌÌCharging€LettersóóÐ Z,*& Ðâ âÐ u-+' Ðà  àOnce€allegations€of€violations€are€made€to€a€respondent,€OAC€offers€the€respondent€theÏâ âopportunity€to€discuss€the€alleged€violations.€€If€the€company€and€OAC€cannot€reach€a€mutuallyÏsatisfactory€resolution€of€the€matter,€a€charging€letter€is€issued.€€The€case€is€then€referred€to€anÏadministrative€law€judge€("ALJ")€for€formal€adjudication.€€The€Office€of€the€Chief€Counsel€forÏExport€Administration€represents€OAC€before€the€ALJ,€who€decides€the€case€and€may€impose€aÏcivil€penalty€of€not€more€than€$10,000€per€violation€or€a€period€of€denial€of€export€privileges€orÏboth.€€Either€party€may€appeal€the€decision€of€the€ALJ€to€the€Under€Secretary€for€ExportÏAdministration.€€If€neither€party€appeals,€the€decision€of€the€ALJ€becomes€the€final€agencyÏdecision.€€OAC€did€not€issue€any€charging€letters€in€FY€1996.€€ÌÌòòPreviously€Issued€Charging€LettersóóÐ f   ÐÌòòStair€Cargo€Services,€Incóó.€€Ð œD  ÐÌà  àOn€December€17,€1993,€OAC€issued€a€Charging€Letter€to€Stair€Cargo€Services,€Inc.,Ïcurrently€doing€business€as€Intertrans€Corp.€of€Miami,€Florida.€€The€Department€charged€thatÏStair€Cargo,€in€one€instance,€furnished€prohibited€business€information€to€a€purchaser€in€KuwaitÏand€failed€to€report€to€the€Department€its€receipt€of€a€boycott„related€request€as€required€by€theÏRegulations.€€€An€administrative€law€judge€found€that€Stair€had€committed€two€violations€of€theÏregulations€and€imposed€a€$10,000€civil€penalty.€€Stair€appealed€the€case€to€the€Under€SecretaryÏfor€Export€Administration.€€On€October€30,€1995,€the€Under€Secretary€upheld€the€decision€of€theÏALJ.€€Stair€paid€the€$10,000€civil€penalty.ÌÌòòSerfilco,€Ltd€and€Jack€H.€Bergóó.€Ð Åm ÐÌà  àOn€August€25,€1994,€OAC€issued€a€Charging€Letter€to€Serfilco,€Ltd.,€a€Northbrook,ÏIllinois,€manufacturer€of€commercial€filtration€and€pumping€equipment.€€The€DepartmentÏcharged€that€Serfilco€furnished€prohibited€business€information€to€a€distributor€in€Iraq.€€TheÏDepartment€also€alleged€that€Serfilco€failed€to€report€its€receipt€of€seven€boycott„related€requests.€ÏA€hearing€was€held€on€August€23,1995.€€In€his€December€5,€1995,€initial€decision€and€order,€theÏALJ€found€that€Serfilco€had€violated€the€Regulations€and€imposed€a€$118,000€civil€penalty€onÏSerfilco.€€The€ALJ€also€denied€Serfilco's€export€privileges€for€one€year€to€Bahrain,€Iraq,€Kuwait,ÏLebanon,€Libya,€Oman,€Qatar,€Saudi€Arabia,€Syria,€the€United€Arab€Emirates,€and€the€RepublicÏof€Yemen.€€Serfilco€appealed€the€ALJ's€initial€decision€and€order€to€the€Department's€UnderÏSecretary€for€Export€Administration.ÌÌòòÌóóÌà  àOn€August€25,€1994,€OAC€issued€a€Charging€Letter€to€Jack€H.€Berg,€president€ofÏSerfilco.€€The€Department€charged€that€Berg€furnished€prohibited€business€information€to€aÏdistributor€in€Iraq.€€A€hearing€was€held€on€August€23,€1995.€€In€his€December€5,€1995,€initialÐ .8,( Ðdecision€and€order,€the€ALJ€found€that€Berg€had€violated€the€Regulations€and€imposed€a€$90,000Ïcivil€penalty€on€Berg.€€The€ALJ€also€denied€Bergððs€export€privileges€for€one€year€to€Bahrain,ÏIraq,€Kuwait,€Lebanon,€Oman,€Qatar,€Saudi€Arabia,€Syria,€the€United€Arab€Emirates,€and€theÏRepublic€of€Yemen.€€Berg€appealed€the€ALJ's€initial€decision€and€order€to€the€Under€SecretaryÏfor€Export€Administration.€€ÌÌà  àIn€his€"Final€Decision€and€Order",€the€Under€Secretary€upheld€the€ALJ's€finding€thatÏviolations€were€committed.€€The€Under€Secretary€also€affirmed€the€ALJððs€decision€to€deny€exportÏprivileges€to€Berg€and€Serfilco€for€one€year€to€Bahrain,€Iraq,€Kuwait,€Lebanon,€Libya,€Oman,ÏQatar,€Saudi€Arabia,€Syria,€the€United€Arab€Emirates€and€the€Republic€of€Yemen.€€However,€theÏUnder€Secretary€reduced€the€$118,000€penalty€imposed€on€Serfilco€to€$38,000€and€reduced€theÏpenalty€imposed€on€Berg€to€$80,000.€€Berg€and€Serfilco€have€refused€to€pay€the€civil€penalties.€ÏThe€Department€has€taken€appropriate€steps€to€have€the€Department€of€Justice€initiate€an€actionÏto€collect€the€civil€penalty€in€federal€Court.ÌÐ  Òz ÐÌà  àAll€of€the€final€orders€issued€during€FY€1996€imposing€administrative€sanctions,Ïincluding€civil€penalties,€resulting€from€OAC€investigations€are€summarized€in€the€followingÏtable.ÌÔ#†X»ØXXXve<„#ÔÔ‡X»ØXXX»ØÔÓ  ÓÌÔ*“ƒ d d¬”d td îtd +td ’t” BC°(#°(#“ÔÔ,˜”” ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1€DDDD ³[ €ª€‚¨‚„„1ÐÔ#†X»ØXXX»Ø{´#ÔÔ‡XŽ;.XXX»ØÔà@# # üàò òSummary€of€Final€Orders€Signedó óˆÐ [ Ðà@’ ’ üàò òfor€FISCAL€YEAR€1996ó ó€€€€€€€€€ˆÐ1'%z " ¨0 ª DDDD 1ÐÔ*Oƒ$% dd˜”” °(#°(#OÔÔ,®”d ÔÔ,Btd ÔÔ,r td ÔÔ,:t” ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1€DD" š B €c€‚¨‚ƒƒ„„1ÐÔ#†X»ØX.XXŽ;³µ#ÔÔ‡X‹å0XXX»ØÔCOMPANYÐ B ê ÐNAME€&ÏLOCATIONÐ 0€DE!€ ( DD „„0ÐDATEÏORDERÏSIGNEDÐ 0€DE!€ ( DE „„0ÐALLEGED€VIOLATIONSÐ 4€DED!B êDE „„4ÐPENALTYÏIMPOSEDÐ H€ED9!a  ¨ c DED €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐStair€CargoÏServices,€Inc.ÌMiami,€FLÐ 0€EE!6ÞED „„0Ѐ10/30/95*Ð 0€EE!ø  EE „„0Ѐ€2€violations:€Ì€€1„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€€1„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!UýEE „„4Ѐ€€$10,000Ð H€ED9!ø   ˆ  EED €C€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐBowen€Tools,ÏInc.ÌHouston,€TXÐ 0€EE! ³ED „„0Ѐ10/30/95Ð 0€EE!ÍuEE „„0Ѐ€9€violations€of€769.6€[Failed€toÏreport].Ð 4€EED!ì”EE „„4Ѐ€€$17,100Ð H€ED9!Íu  ˆ C EED €C€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐSundstrandÏCorporationÌRockford,€ILÐ 0€EE!Ái#ED „„0Ѐ11/29/95Ð 0€EE!ƒ+$EE „„0Ѐ175€violations€of€769.6€[FailedÏto€report].Ð 4€EED!¢J&EE „„4Ѐ€$350,000Ð H€ED9!ƒ+' ˆ C EED €ç€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐSundstrandÏInternational,ÏS.A.€ZoneÏIndustrielle€deÏDijon„SudÌLongvic€Cedix,ÏFranceÐ 0€EE!ó!›.ED „„0Ѐ11/29/95Ð 0€EE!9á/EE „„0Ѐ100€violations€of€769.6€[FailedÏto€report].Ð 4€EED!X1EE „„4Ѐ€$200,000Ð H€ED9!9á2 ˆ ç EED €ç€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐHowmedicaÏInternational,ÏInc.ÌCounty€Clare,ÏIrelandÐ 0€EE!ç'%7ED „„0Ѐ1/22/96Ð 0€EE!k#!8EE „„0Ѐ10€violations:Ì€€1„769.2(a)€[Agreed€to€refuse€toÏdo€business]Ì€€7„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€€2„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!)®&>EE „„4Ѐ€€$30,000â âÐ H€ED9!k#!? ˆ ç EED €ç€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐColtÏManufacturingÏCo.ÌHartford,€CTÌâ âÐ 0€EE!\ED „„0Ѐ2/6/96Ð 0€EE!àˆEE „„0Ѐ€3€violations:Ì€€1„769.2(a)€[Agreed€to€refuse€toÏdo€business]Ì€€1„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€€1„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!{# EE „„4Ѐ€€€$6,000Ð H€ED9!àˆ  ˆ ç EED €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐEthicon,€LimitedÌScotlandÐ 0€EE! ºED „„0Ѐ2/6/96Ð 0€EE!ó ›EE „„0Ѐ11€violations:€Ì€€7„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€€4„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!P ø EE „„4Ѐ€€$18,000Ð H€ED9!ó › ˆ  EED €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐRogers€&€BrownÏCustom€Brokers,ÏInc.ÌWest€Columbia,ÏSCÐ 0€EE!DìED „„0Ѐ2/22/96Ð 0€EE!Èp EE „„0Ѐ€2€violations€of€769.2(d)Ï[Furnished€prohibited€businessÏinformation].Ð 4€EED!®EE „„4Ѐ€€$15,000Ð H€ED9!Èp  ˆ  EED €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐBOSSÏInternational,ÏInc.ÌLadson,€SCÐ 0€EE!Á#ED „„0Ѐ2/22/96Ð 0€EE!¼d$EE „„0Ѐ€2€violations:€Ì€€1„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€€1„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!Á(EE „„4Ѐ€€€$9,000Ð H€ED9!¼d) ˆ  EED €C€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐCooper€CameronÏCorporationÌHouston,€TXÐ 0€EE!Ïw,ED „„0Ѐ3/22/96Ð 0€EE!‘9-EE „„0Ѐ10€violations€of€769.6€[Failed€toÏreport].Ð 4€EED!°X/EE „„4Ѐ€€$10,000Ð H€ED9!‘90 ˆ C EED €,€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐAbbott€GmbHÌDelkenheim,ÏGermanyÐ 0€EE!…-3ED „„0Ѐ5/10/96Ð 0€EE!Gï4EE „„0Ѐ34€violations:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï1„769.2(a)[Agreed€to€refuse€toÏdo€business];€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï33„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!¤ L8EE „„4Ѐ€€$36,000Ð H€ED9!Gï9 ˆ , EED €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐAbbottÏLaboratoriesÏS.A.ÌGeneva,ÏSwitzerlandÐ 0€EE!˜&@$>ED „„0Ѐ5/10/96Ð 0€EE!"Ä?EE „„0Ѐ€33€violations€of€769.6€[FailedÏto€report].Ð 4€EED!;#ã AEE „„4Ѐ€€$33,000Ð H€ED9!"ÄB ˆ  EED €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐSequoia€TurnerÏCorporationÌMountain€View,ÏCAÐ 0€EE!m+)FED „„0Ѐ5/10/96Ð 0€EE!(¸%GEE „„0Ѐ€5€Violations:Ì€€1„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€€4„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!m+)KEE „„4Ѐ€€€$6,000â âÐ C€ED4!(¸%L ˆ  EED ‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„CÐSerfilco,€Ltd.ÌNorthbrook,€ILÐ 9€EE*ÿ§ED „„9Ð6/10/96+Ì[orderÏâ âamended€onÏ7/17/96]Ð 9€EE*=åEE „„9Ѐ€16€violations:Ì€€9„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information;Ì€€7„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð =€EED*=å EE „„=Ð$38,000;ÏexportÏprivilegesÏdenied€toÏBahrain,ÏIraq,ÏKuwait,ÏLebanon,ÏLibya,ÏOman,ÏQatar,€SaudiÏArabia,ÏSyria,€theÏUnited€ArabÏEmirates,Ïand€theÏRepublic€ofÏYemen€forÏone€year.Ð G€ED8%¶ ˆ EED ‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„GÐJack€H.€BergÌNorthbrook,€ILÐ 9€EE*¥MED „„9Ð6/10/96+€Ï[orderÏamended€onÏ7/17/96]Ð 9€EE*ã‹#EE „„9Ѐ€€9€violations€of€769.2(d)Ï[Furnished€prohibited€businessÏinformation].Ì€€Ð =€EED*ã‹'EE „„=Ð$80,000;ÏexportÏprivilegesÏdenied€toÏBahrain,ÏIraq,ÏKuwait,ÏLebanon,ÏLibya,ÏOman,ÏQatar,€SaudiÏArabia,ÏSyria,€theÏUnited€ArabÏEmirates,Ïand€theÏRepublic€ofÏYemen€forÏone€year.â âÐ L€ED=%´,\*: ˆ EED €,€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„LÐArab€BankingÏâ âCorporationÌNew€York,€NYÐ 0€EE!ÆED „„0Ѐ7/8/96Ð 0€EE!àˆEE „„0Ѐ10€violations:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï3„769.6(b)&€787.13€[Failed€toÏMaintain€Records];€Ì€€7„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!=åEE „„4Ѐ€€$30,500Ð H€ED9!àˆ  ˆ , EED €,€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐBrunger€ExportÏCo.ÌFort€Lauderdale,ÏFLÐ 0€EE! º ED „„0Ѐ8/7/96Ð 0€EE!µ]EE „„0Ѐ€4€violations:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï2„769.2(a)[Agreed€to€refuse€toÏdo€business];€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2„¼769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED! ºEE „„4Ѐ€€$14,000Ð H€ED9!µ] ˆ , EED €ç€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐRezayat€AmericaÏInc.ÌHouston,€TXÐ 0€EE!Èp ED „„0Ѐ8/7/96Ð 0€EE!Š 2 EE „„0Ѐ€4€violations:Ì€1„769.2(a)[Required€another€toÏrefuse€to€do€business];€€Ì€1„769.2(d)€[Agreed€to€furnishÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€2„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!%ÍEE „„4Ѐ€$14,000Ð H€ED9!Š 2  ˆ ç EED €,€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐNorthern€TrustÏCo.ÌChicago,€ILÐ 0€EE!Ûƒ!ED „„0Ѐ8/7/96Ð 0€EE!E"EE „„0Ѐ€5€violations:€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï3„769.6(b)&€787.13€[Failed€toÏMaintain€Records];€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2„¼769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!ú¢&EE „„4Ѐ€$19,000€€€€€€Ï€€€Ð H€ED9!¼d( ˆ , EED €C€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐSamuel€ShapiroÏ&€Co.,€Inc.ÌBaltimore,€MDÐ 0€EE!°X+ED „„0Ѐ8/29/96Ð 0€EE!r,EE „„0Ѐ€3€violations€of€769.2(d)Ï[Furnished€prohibited€businessÏinformation].Ð 4€EED!°X/EE „„4Ѐ€€$6,000Ð H€ED9!r0 ˆ C EED €ç€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐCargill,ÏIncorporatedÌMinneapolis,€MNÐ 0€EE!f3ED „„0Ѐ9/13/96Ð 0€EE!(Ð4EE „„0Ѐ€€4€violations:Ì€2„769.2(a)[Agreed€to€refuse€toÏdo€business];€€Ì€1„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€1„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!Ã!k:EE „„4Ѐ€€$9,000Ð H€ED9!(Ð; ˆ ç EED €ç€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„HÐSummitÏInternationalÏAmerican,€Ltd.ÏD/B/A€AmericanÏPulp€and€PaperÏCorporationÌRedmond,€WAÐ 0€EE!õ)'BED „„0Ѐ9/18/96Ð 0€EE!;#ã CEE „„0Ѐ€10€violations:Ì€2„769.2(a)[Agreed€to€refuse€toÏdo€business];€€Ì€2„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ì€6„769.6€[Failed€to€report].Ð 4€EED!Ö(~&IEE „„4Ѐ€$55,000Ì€€($25,000€€€€Ï€€suspended)â âÐ F€EDD5!y%!#L ˆ ç EED €E€‚ˆ‚„„FÐHome€InsuranceÏCompanyÌNew€York,€NYÐ 2€EED!ÆEDD „„2Ѐ9/27/96Ð 2€EED!àˆEED „„2Ѐ€2€violations:€€Ì€1„769.2(d)€[FurnishedÏprohibited€business€information];€Ìâ â€1„769.6€[Failed€to€report].€€Ð 4€EEDD!=åEED „„4Ѐ€$10,000Ð1'%àˆ  ˆ0 E  EEDD 1Ѐ€*€Final€Decision€and€Order€by€the€Under€Secretary€for€Export€AdministrationÌ€+€Final€Decision€and€Order€by€the€Under€Secretary€for€Export€Administration€signed€on€Ì€€€€June€10,€1996;€an€amended€Order€to€ð ð....fully€set€forth€the€scope€and€breadth€of€the€denial€of€Ð › C  Ѐ€€€export€privileges....ðð€was€signed€by€the€Under€Secretary€on€July€17,€1996.Ô#†X»ØX0XX‹åž·#ÔÔ‡XveXXX»ØÔÐ  º b  ÐÌÔ#†X»ØXXXveÚÞ#ÔÔ‡XveXXX»ØÔÌ€Ô#†X»ØXXXve2ß#ÔÔ‡XveXXX»ØÔà@&& ìàò òPolicy€Implementationó óˆÐ Ž6 ÐÌà  àThe€U.S.€government€continued€to€press€for€complete€dismantlement€of€the€Arab€League'sÏboycott€of€Israel.€€The€Office€of€Antiboycott€Compliance€(OAC)€continued€its€practice€of€sendingÏreports€of€boycott„related€requests€received€by€U.S.€firms€to€U.S.€embassies€in€Gulf€CooperationÏCouncil€(GCC)€countries€(Saudi€Arabia,€Kuwait,€Oman,€United€Arab€Emirates,€Bahrain,€Qatar).€ÏThese€reports€demonstrated€the€continuing€flow€of€boycott„related€requests€from€those€countries.€ÏDuring€FY€1996,€OAC€sent€U.S.€embassies€in€the€GCC€countries€23€packages€of€documentsÏcontaining€boycott„related€requests€received€by€U.S.€firms€from€GCC€countries.€€These€documentsÏenable€the€embassies€to€confront€governmental€officials€with€undisputed€evidence€of€the€continuingÏflow€of€boycott€requests.ÌÌà  àEvidence€of€a€gradual€dismantlement€of€the€Arab€League€boycott€of€Israel€continued€duringÏFY€1996.€€Following€the€signing€of€the€Jordanian„Israeli€peace€treaty€in€1994,€legislation€wasÏintroduced€in€the€Jordanian€Parliament€to€repeal€laws€inconsistent€with€the€peace€treaty.€€JordanianÏlegislation€repealing€the€boycott€became€effective€on€August€16,€1995,€following€King€Hussein'sÏearlier€signing€of€a€Royal€Decree€repealing€boycott„related€Jordanian€laws€and€related€amendments.€ÏSubsequently,€OAC€published€Supplement€16€to€the€antiboycott€regulations€on€February€1,€1996.€ÏSupplement€16€removed€the€presumption€that€certain€requests€from€Jordan€are€boycott„related.€€ThisÏsupplement€paralleled€Supplement€3€of€the€antiboycott€regulations,€published€in€1980,€after€theÏIsraeli„Egyptian€Peace€Treaty€became€effective.ÌÌà  àThe€September€1994€decision€of€the€GCC€countries€to€cease€implementation€of€the€secondaryÏand€tertiary€aspects€of€their€boycott€of€Israel€appears€to€have€been€substantially€implemented.€€ThereÏare€no€remaining€boycott„related€obstacles€to€any€U.S.€business€person's€doing€business€in€thoseÏcountries,€although€the€number€of€prohibited€boycott„related€requests€continues€at€a€low€level.€ÏFurther€progress€is€needed,€particularly€with€the€United€Arab€Emirates€and€Oman.€€With€theÏexception€of€Egypt€and€Jordan,€there€has€been€no€change€in€the€laws€related€to€the€boycott€and€thereÏhas€been€no€change€in€the€regulations€of€the€Arab€League.€€The€diplomatic€efforts€of€the€ClintonÏAdministration€and€the€assistance€of€the€Department€of€Commerce€in€providing€detailed€and€currentÏinformation€to€our€embassies€to€support€their€diplomatic€efforts€contributed€to€this€progress.ÌÌà  àDespite€the€progress€described,€U.S.€law€has€not€changed€and€U.S.€companies€continue€toÏreceive€a€significant€number€of€boycott„related€requests€which€must€be€reported€and,€if€prohibited,Ïamended€or€deleted€as€appropriate.€€Moreover,€the€Arab€League€has€not€changed€its€boycott€policy,Ïand€no€countries€other€then€Egypt€and€Jordan,€have€changed€their€boycott€laws€or€regulations.€€OfÏall€the€boycotting€countries,€only€Qatar€is€known€to€have€closed€the€office€responsible€forÏadministering€the€boycott.€€€€€ÌÐ ”.<,( Ðà  àOAC€continues€to€focus€its€efforts€in€three€major€areas:€€(1)€enforcing€the€law€againstÏantiboycott€violators;€(2)€continuing€to€provide€current€and€specific€information€to€U.S.€embassiesÏand€the€Department€of€State€about€boycott€requests€reported€by€U.S.€businesses;€and€(3)€continuingÏthe€active€educational€and€counselling€program€including€servicing€the€full€time€telephone€adviceÏline,€which€handled€more€than€1,400€calls€during€FY€1996.ÌÌò òà  àÔ& l Ôà@ìàSummary€of€Boycott€Reportsó óˆÐ ú¢ ÐÌà  àThe€antiboycott€provisions€of€the€Export€Administration€Act€require€U.S.€persons€to€reportÏto€the€Department€of€Commerce€requests€they€receive€to€take€actions€whichÔ'lú˜íÔ€have€the€effect€ofÏfurthering€or€supporting€unsanctioned€foreign€boycotts.€€The€reports€filed€by€U.S.€persons€containÏinformation€concerning€both€the€request€and€the€transaction(s)€to€which€the€request€relates.€€TheÏtransactions€referred€to€in€this€context€are€specific€business€activities€generally€involving€documentsÏsuch€as€invitations€to€bid,€contracts,€export€shipment€documents€and€letters€of€credit.€€In€connectionÏwith€these€transactions,€the€reporting€person€would€have€received€one€or€more€requests€to€takeÏspecific€boycott-based€action,€such€as€responding€to€a€boycott€questionnaire,€furnishing€informationÏabout€business€relationships€with€a€boycotted€country,€religious€discrimination€against€U.S.€persons,Ïor€refusing€to€do€business€with€a€blacklisted€firm€or€boycotted€country.ÌÌà  àIn€interpreting€the€data€presented€here€(Tables€6.2€to€6.7),€it€is€important€to€keep€two€factorsÏin€mind.€€First,€the€number€of€reported€transactions€will€be€fewer€than€the€number€of€reportedÏrequests€because€a€single€transaction€frequently€will€involve€more€than€one€boycott„related€request.€ÏSecond,€the€number€of€both€transactions€and€requests€(as€well€as€the€value€of€the€transactions)€mayÏbe€somewhat€inflated€because€boycott€reports€involving€the€same€reportable€transaction€are€requiredÏto€be€filed€by€each€of€several€parties€to€that€transaction.ÌÌà  àDuring€FY€1996,€536€individuals€and€firms€filed€reports€with€the€Report€Processing€Unit€ofÏthe€Compliance€Policy€Division.€€The€reports€confirmed€the€receipt€of€3,290€boycott-related€requests,Ïinvolving€2,857€transactions.€€The€corresponding€figures€for€FY€1995€were€784€persons€and€firmsÏfiling€reports,€6,391€boycott„related€requests,€and€5,538€transactions.€€€Eighty„one€percent€of€theÏreporters€were€exporters.€€ÌÌà  àDocument€examiners€review€each€report€for€completeness€and€accuracy,€code€the€type€ofÏrequests€received€and€refer€any€potential€violations€to€the€investigative€teams.€€The€publicÏinformation€version€of€the€reports€is€made€available€for€public€inspection,€while€all€data€extractedÏfrom€the€reports€are€analyzed€and€collated€by€the€Report€Processing€Unit.€€These€data€are€entered€intoÏthe€unit's€computer€system€to€be€organized€and€compiled€for€use€in€OAC€investigations€and€forÏsenior€management€briefings€on€international€boycott€activity.€€Tables€7.1€through€7.6€show€theÏnature€and€extent€of€boycott€requests€reports.ÌÐ  u-+' ÐÔ#†X»ØXXXvevß#ÔÑÑÑTROäØ'3Xà3Ø' LetterØ'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' LetterTÑÔ‡X3Ï2XXX»ØÔ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð X Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ï€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€TABLE€7-1.€-€NUMBER€OF€INDIVIDUAL€FIRMS,€TRANSACTIONS,€REQUESTING€DOCUMENTS,€ANDÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€RESTRICTIVE€TRADE€PRACTICES€BY€FIRM€TYPE€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ALL€TRANSACTIONS€(SUMMARY€TOTALS)ÌÌÌ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌITEM€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€EXPORTER€€€€€€€BANK€€€€€€€FORWARDER€€€€CARRIER€€€€€€INSURER€€€€€€€€OTHER€€€€€€€TOTALÌ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌINDIVIDUAL€FIRMS€REPORTING..........€€€€€€€€€€€€438€€€€€€€€€71€€€€€€€€€€€€€€10€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€17€€€€€€€€€537ÌTRANSACTIONS.REPORT..................€€€€€€€€€€2275€€€€€€€€525€€€€€€€€€€€€€€14€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€44€€€€€€€€2859ÌREQUESTING€DOCUMENTS€INVOLVED.......€€€€€€€€€€€2275€€€€€€€€525€€€€€€€€€€€€€€14€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€44€€€€€€€€2859ÌRESTRICTIVE€TRADE€PRACTICESÌ€€€REQUEST/3........................€€€€€€€€€€€2675€€€€€€€€555€€€€€€€€€€€€€€14€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€48€€€€€€€€3293ÌÌÌ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€EXPORTER€€€€€€€€€€B€A€N€K€€€€€€€€€€FORWARDER€€€€€€€€€€CARRIER€€€€€€€€€€€INSURER€€€€€€€€€€O€T€H€E€R€€€€€€€€€T€O€T€A€LÌDC.€RQ.€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)Ì-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€A.€ALL€TRANSACTIONSÌÌÓ  ÓTA€€€€€€358€€€€€7802001€€€€260€€€€€28539€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€41€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€10€€€€€186751€€€€629€€€€8017333ÌRF€€€€€1917€€€€29602608€€€€265€€€€353280€€€€€13€€€€€€€€865€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€33€€€€€207338€€€2229€€€30164091¼à  à¼à  à¼à  àÌÓvÓUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0ÌTT€€€€€2275€€€37404609€€€€525€€€€€381819€€€€€14€€€€€€€€906€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€44€€€€€394089€€€2859€€€38181424ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€B.€PROHIBITEDÌÌTA€€€€€€€€5€€€€€€€€131€€€€€€4€€€€€€€€433€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€9€€€€€€23735ÌRF€€€€€1145€€€23689436€€€€€21€€€€€248815€€€€€€6€€€€€€€€219€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€10€€€€€€12911€€€1183€€€23951381ÌUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0ÌTT€€€€€1150€€€23689567€€€€€25€€€€€249248€€€€€€6€€€€€€€€219€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€11€€€€€€12911€€€1193€€€23951945Ìà  àÌÓ  ÓC.€PROHIBITED€AS€FIRST€RECEIVED,€BUT€AMENDED/6ÌÓ)ÓÌTA€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€14798€€€€€43€€€€€€€8937€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€46€€€€€€€€564ÌRF€€€€€€164€€€€2751262€€€€140€€€€€€95959€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€411€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€16€€€€€174768€€€€323€€€€3022400ÌUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌTT€€€€€€167€€€€2766060€€€€183€€€€€104896€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€411€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€16€€€€€174768€€€€369€€€€3046135ÌÐ  #´ . Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€TABLE€7-1.€-€NUMBER€OF€INDIVIDUAL€FIRMS,€TRANSACTIONS,€REQUESTING€DOCUMENTS,€ANDÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€RESTRICTIVE€TRADE€PRACTICES€BY€FIRM€TYPE€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ALL€TRANSACTIONS€(SUMMARY€TOTALS)ÌÌÌ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€EXPORTER€€€€€€€€€€B€A€N€K€€€€€€€€€€FORWARDER€€€€€€€€€€CARRIER€€€€€€€€€€€INSURER€€€€€€€€€€O€T€H€E€R€€€€€€€€€T€O€T€A€LÌDC.€RQ.€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)Ì-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€D.€EXCEPTIONS€TO€PROHIBITEDÌÌTA€€€€€€335€€€€7779244€€€€107€€€€€€€6229€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€10€€€€€186751€€€€452€€€€7972224ÌRF€€€€€€469€€€€2171920€€€€€10€€€€€€€€971€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€6€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€7€€€€€€19659€€€€514€€€€2192555ÌUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌTT€€€€€€831€€€€9951164€€€€117€€€€€€€7200€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€6€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€17€€€€€206410€€€€966€€€10164779ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€E.€NOT€PROHIBITEDÌÌTA€€€€€€€15€€€€€€€7827€€€€106€€€€€€12941€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€41€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€122€€€€€€20809ÌRF€€€€€€112€€€€€989990€€€€€94€€€€€€€7535€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€229€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€209€€€€€997754ÌUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌTT€€€€€€127€€€€€997817€€€€200€€€€€€20476€€€€€€4€€€€€€€€270€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€331€€€€1018564Ì-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì1/€€INCLUDES€BUT€NOT€LIMITED€TO€LAW€FIRMS,€CONSULTING€FIRMS,€AND€GENERAL€CONTRACTORS.Ì2/€€TOTALS,€OTHER€THAN€NUMBER€OF€FIRMS€REPORTING,€ARE€ENHANCED€TO€THE€EXTENT€THAT€AN€EXPORTER€AND€ONE€OR€MORE€SERVICE€RELATEDÌ€€€€ORGANIZATIONS€REPORT€ON€THE€SAME€TRANSACTION.Ì3/€€TWO€OR€MORE€TYPES€OF€RESTRICTIVE€TRADE€PRACTICE€REQUESTS€ARE€OFTEN€REPORTED€IN€CONNECTION€WITH€ONE€TRANSACTION.Ì4/€€DOLLAR€VALUES€MAY€NOT€ADD€DUE€TO€ROUNDING.Ì5/€€THIS€FIGURE€DOES€NOT€REPRESENT€BUSINESS€LOST€DUE€TO€REFUSALS€WITH€BOYCOTT€REQUESTS.€€INSTEAD€IT€INDICATES€THAT€U.S.€COMPANIESÌ€€€€REFUSED€TO€COMPLY€WITH€THE€BOYCOTT€REQUEST€IN€BIDING€ON€CONTRACTS€TOTALLING€THIS€AMOUNT€€€THE€BOYCOTT€LANGUAGE€IS€OFTEN€REVISEDÌ€€€€OR€ELIMINATED€TO€ALLOW€U.S.€COMPANIES€TO€BID€CONSISTENT€WITH€U.S.€LAW.€€SUCH€REVISIONS€ARE€NOT€REFLECTED€IN€THESE€STATISTICS.Ì6/€€TRANSACTIONS€IN€THIS€TABLE€ARE€CHARACTERIZED€AS€"TAKE€ACTION"€OR€"REFUSE"€IN€TERMS€OF€ACTION€REPORTED€ON€THE€ORIGINAL€REQUEST.ÌÌÑ€ÑÑ€ÑÔ#†X»ØX2XX3ÏÂù#ÔÔ‡X3Ï2XXX»ØÔÌÑ€ÑÑ€#ÑÔ‡©3Ï2X2XX3ÏÔÔ#†©‹3ª2X©3Ïê#Ô€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð :â# Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð  õ( ÐÑ#………#…#Ñâ âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'OäØ'33Ø' LetterØ'3 Letter LandscapeTÑâ âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTROäØ'3Xà3Ø'Ø'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' Letter……TÑâ âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRXà3Ø'OäØ'33Ø' LetterØ'3 Letter Landscape……TÑâ #âÑÑÑ  ÑÑTROäØ'3Xà3Ø'Ø'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' Letter……TÑâ #âÑ  ÑÓ  ÓTABLE€7-2.€-€NUMBER€OF€RESTRICTIVE€TRADE€PRACTICES€BY€FIRM€TYPE€AND€TYPE€OF€PRACTICE€Ð X ÐALL€TRANSACTIONSÌÓVÓÌ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€RESTRICTIVE€TRADE€PRACTICE€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€EXPORTER€€€€€B€A€N€K€€€FORWARDER€€€€€CARRIER€€€€€INSURER€€€€€OTHERòò1óó€€€€€TOTALòò2óóÐ Tü Ð--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌA.€€CARRIER..............................€€€€€€€€€€€€294€€€€€€€€€301€€€€€€€€€€€6€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€604ÌB.€€MANUFACTURER/€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€VENDOR/BUYER€........................€€€€€€€€€€€€247€€€€€€€€€€60€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€311ÌC.€€INSURANCE............................€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7€€€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€9ÌD.€€FINANCE..............................€€€€€€€€€€€€€€9€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€11ÌE.€€ORIGIN€OF€GOODS......................€€€€€€€€€€€€908€€€€€€€€€178€€€€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€7€€€€€€€€1096ÌF.€€MARKED€GOODS/PACKAGING...............€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0ÌG.€€WAR€REPARATIONS......................€€€€€€€€€€€€€€6€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€6ÌH.€€BOYCOTT€LAWS.........................€€€€€€€€€€€€581€€€€€€€€€€€9€€€€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€6€€€€€€€€€599ÌI.€€RACE/RELIGION/€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€SEX/NATIONAL€ORIGIN..................€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€1ÌJ.€€RELATIONS€WITH€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€BOYCOTTED€COUNTRY...................€€€€€€€€€€€€€€80€€€€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€€86ÌK.€€RISK€OF€LOSS.........................€€€€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0ÌL.€€DESTINATION€OF€GOODS.................€€€€€€€€€€€€504€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€27€€€€€€€€€531ÌM.€€OTHER€RESTRICTIVE....................€€€€€€€€€€€€€38€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€39Ì--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€T€O€T€A€L€........................€€€€€€€€€€€2675€€€€€€€€€555€€€€€€€€€€14€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€48€€€€€€€€3293ÌÌ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì1/€€INCLUDES€BUT€NOT€LIMITED€TO€LAW€FIRMS,€CONSULTING€FIRMS,€AND€GENERAL€CONTRACTORS.Ì2/€€TOTALS€ARE€ENHANCED€TO€THE€EXTENT€THAT€AN€EXPORTER€AND€ONE€OR€MORE€SERVICE€RELATED€ORGANIZATIONS€REPORT€ON€THE€SAME€TRANSACTION.ÌÌÌÌÐ 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ÈàTABLE€7-7.€-€NUMBER€OF€INDIVIDUAL€FIRMS,€TRANSACTIONS,€REQUESTING€DOCUMENTS,€AND€RESTRICTIVE€TRADE€PRACTICES€BYˆÌà@úú#Èà(CONTROLLED-IN-FACT)€FOREIGN€SUBSIDIARIESˆÌà@êê'ÈàALL€TRANSACTIONS€(SUMMARY€TOTALS)ˆÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€D.€EXCEPTIONS€TO€PROHIBITEDÌÌÌ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€UNITED€KINGDOM€€€€€€€€FRANCE€€€€€€€€€€WEST€GERMANY€€€€€€NETHERLANDS€€€€€€€€€BELGIUM€€€€€€€€€SWITZERLAND€€€€€€€€CANADAÌDE€RQ€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)Ì-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌTA€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€10800€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€7€€€€€€€€302€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€1€€€€€€€1482€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌRF€€€€€€€24€€€€€€€6568€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€3€€€€€€€4347€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€218€€€€€€4€€€€€€€€150€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌTT€€€€€€€27€€€€€€17368€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€10€€€€€€€4649€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€218€€€€€€5€€€€€€€1632€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌÌ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€ITALY€€€€€€€€€OTHER(EUROPE)/1€€€€OTHER(ARAB)/2€€€€€€€ALL€OTHER€€€€€€€€€T€O€T€A€LÌDE€RQ€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)Ì-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌTT€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€47€€€€€€37839€€€€€80€€€€€€€7139€€€€138€€€€€€57562ÌRF€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€270€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€7€€€€€15€€€€€300089€€€€€62€€€€€300065€€€€115€€€€€611714ÌUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌTT€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€270€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€7€€€€€62€€€€€337928€€€€142€€€€€307204€€€€253€€€€€669276ÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€E.€NOT€PROHIBITEDÌÌÌ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€UNITED€KINGDOM€€€€€€€€FRANCE€€€€€€€€€€WEST€GERMANY€€€€€€NETHERLANDS€€€€€€€€€BELGIUM€€€€€€€€€SWITZERLAND€€€€€€€€CANADAÌDE€RQ€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)Ì-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌTA€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€10800€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€8€€€€€€€€333€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€39€€€€€€1€€€€€€€1482€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌRF€€€€€€€36€€€€€€€7141€€€€€15€€€€€€€1276€€€€€€7€€€€€€€€253€€€€€24€€€€€€€4750€€€€€10€€€€€€€2803€€€€€€7€€€€€€€€204€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0ÌUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0ÌTT€€€€€€€39€€€€€€17941€€€€€15€€€€€€€1276€€€€€€7€€€€€€€€253€€€€€32€€€€€€€5082€€€€€11€€€€€€€2842€€€€€€8€€€€€€€€1686€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€0ÌÌ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€ITALY€€€€€€€€€OTHER(EUROPE)/1€€€€OTHER(ARAB)/2€€€€€€€ALL€OTHER€€€€€€€€€T€O€T€A€LÌDE€RQ€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)€€€€€NO.€€€€$(000)Ì-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ÌTT€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€30€€€€€47€€€€€€37839€€€€€90€€€€€€13061€€€€151€€€€€€63585ÌRF€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€270€€€€€€8€€€€€€€€146€€€€€20€€€€€309868€€€€€93€€€€€335758€€€€222€€€€€662469ÌUD€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0€€€€€€0€€€€€€€€€€0Ð M#õ ; ÐTT€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€270€€€€€€9€€€€€€€€177€€€€€67€€€€€347708€€€€183€€€€€348819€€€€373€€€€€726054Ì-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ì1/€€INCLUDES€€€AUSTRIA,€DEMARK,€FINLAND,€GREECE,€LIECHTENSTEIN,€SPAIN,€AND€SWEDEN.Ì2/€€INCLUDES€€€BAHRAIN,€EGYPT,€IRAQ,€JORDAN,€KUWAIT,€LEBANON,€LIBYA,€SAUDI€ARABIA,€AND€SYRIA.Ð  ­ ÐÑTRXà3Ø' LetterOäØ'33Ø' LetterØ'3 Letter LandscapeTÑÌÔ‡^]b:_6_^“ãÔÔ‡¼ »:_^]bÔò òÓ  Ó8.€Nonproliferation€and€Export€Control€Cooperationó óÔ#†^]b:_»¼ ר#ÔÐ ª ЀÌÔ€XveX:_^]bÔà  àThe€Nonproliferation€Export€Control€Cooperation€(NEC)€program,€located€in€the€OfficeÐ ôœ Ðof€the€Under€Secretary,€marshals€the€€resources€and€expertise€within€the€Bureau€of€ExportÏAdministration€to€contribute€to€U.S.€export€control€cooperation€programs€with€the€newÏindependent€states€of€the€former€Soviet€Union€(NIS),€the€Baltic€states,€and€some€countries€inÏCentral€Europe.€€ÌÌà  àThese€programs€are€designed€to€strengthen€national€export€control€systems€and€to€supportÏcooperation€between€nations€in€order€to€keep€nuclear,€biological,€and€chemical€weapons,€deliveryÏsystems,€and€other€sensitive€materials€out€of€the€hands€of€terrorists€and€rogue€states.€€The€aim€isÏto€reduce€the€threat€from€the€proliferation€of€weapons€of€mass€destruction€and€conventional€arms.€ÏThe€effectiveness€of€U.S.€export€controls€would€be€severely€undermined€if€the€export€controlÏsystems€of€other€potential€supplier€and€transit€nations€were€ineffective.€¼à  à¼à  à€The€NEC€team€works€with€representatives€from€the€Departments€of€State,€Defense,€andÏEnergy,€€the€Arms€Control€Disarmament€Agency€(ACDA)€and€€U.S.€Customs€Service,€to€developÏcomprehensive€program€plans€for€each€country,€in€consultation€with€their€foreign€counterparts.€ÏExport€controls€are€an€important€part€of€the€U.S.€Governmentððs€nonproliferation€strategy.€€TheÏprimary€outcome€is€increased€national€security€and€global€safety.ÌÌà@  #ìàò òProgram€Reviewó óˆÐ õ ÐÌà  à€The€NEC€team€coordinates€the€input€of€export€control€experts€from€all€areas€of€BXA€andÏthe€Office€of€Chief€Counsel€for€Export€Administration€(OCC)€for€the€U.S.€export€controlÏcooperation€programs€with€the€countries€described€above.€€The€programs€consist€of€U.S.€expertsÏexplaining€how€the€U.S.€export€control€system€works€to€assist€their€foreign€counterparts€inÏdeveloping€their€own€export€control€systems.€€€Under€these€programs:€1)€legal€experts€identifyÏand€explain€the€legislative€basis€and€regulatory€framework€needed€for€an€effective€export€controlÏsystem;€€2)€licensing€experts€share€information€on€the€licensing€process€and€procedures;€3)Ïenforcement€agents€conduct€technical€fora€on€preventive€enforcement€operations€with€theirÏforeign€counterparts;€€4)€government€and€industry€representatives€explain€how€government€andÏbusiness€need€to€work€together;€and€€5)€program€administration€and€system€automation€expertsÏprovide€understanding€and€guidance€on€the€essential€components€of€administering€andÏautomating€a€national€export€control€system.ÌÌà  àBXA's€effort€in€the€NIS€countries€is€supported€by€funding€under€the€Cooperative€ThreatÏReduction€€effort€under€the€Nunn„Lugar€Program,€administered€through€the€Department€ofÏDefense's€Defense€Special€Weapons€Agency,€and€by€funding€through€the€Nonproliferation€andÏDisarmament€Fund€(NDF),€which€is€administered€by€the€State€Department.€€€€€Ð Û-ƒ+( Їà  àIn€the€Baltic€states,€BXAððs€work€is€supported€in€part€by€funding€through€the€NDFÏprogram€and€by€funding€from€each€agency€involved€in€the€particular€activity.€€ÌÌà  àBXAððs€effort€in€Central€Europe€is€supported,€in€part,€by€funding€€through€the€NDFÏprogram,€and,€in€part,€by€funding€through€the€Department€of€Commerceððs€Commercial€LawÏDevelopment€Program,€which€is€funded€by€the€Agency€for€International€Development..ÌÌà  àThe€program€for€export€control€cooperation€progresses€through€four€phases€„„€politicalÏinterest€and€commitment,€technical€exchanges€focusing€on€infrastructure€development,Ïinteractive€training,€and€phase„out€with€periodic€reviews€and€updates.ÌÌà@ÆÆ"ìàò òThe€NIS€CountriesˆÐ )  Ðó óòòÌBelarusóóÐ ·_  ÐÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€BXA€continued€to€build€on€successful€technical€exchanges€in€export€controlÏcooperation,€particularly€in€the€enforcement,€legal€and€€automation€areas.ÌÌà  àIn€October€1995,€BXA's€EE€special€agents€led€an€interagency€team€to€Minsk€to€conduct€aÏseminar€and€hands-on€training€on€preventive€enforcement€techniques.€The€program€emphasizedÏthe€crucial€role€early€detection€plays€in€halting€illegal€exports.€€€Representatives€from€allÏBelarussian€export€control€agencies€took€part€in€the€program.€ÌÌà  àIn€November€1995,€BXA€automation€specialists€performed€acceptance€testing€of€the€newÏBelarus€export€control€automation€system€equipment,€resolved€system€anomalies,€and€designedÏexport€control€information€systems€software€to€support€the€local€area€network€which€wasÏinstalled€in€June€1995.€ÌÌà  àIn€March€1196,€BXA€hosted€Belarussian€export€control€enforcement€officials.€€TheÏprogram€focussed€on€U.€S.€enforcement€technologies€and€included€a€trip€to€BXAððs€DallasÏenforcement€office€for€a€study€of€a€successful€export€control€prosecution.ÌÌÌòòKazakstanÐ Ó&{$! ÐóóÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€BXA€conducted€successful€technical€exchanges€in€the€legal,€enforcement€andÏautomation€areas.€In€addition,€in€June,€1996,€Kazakstan€became€the€first€NIS€country€to€enact€anÏexport€control€law.€€Kazakstanððs€law€was€developed,€in€large€part,€during€the€interagency€legalÏexchange€hosted€by€BXA€in€February,€1995.€Ìâ âÐ u-+' Ðà  àIn€October€1995,€special€agents€from€BXA's€Office€of€Export€Enforcement€led€theÏâ âfirst-ever€interagency€enforcement€program€in€Almaty€and€conducted€a€seminar€and€training.€ÏRepresentatives€from€a€number€of€Kazakstani€agencies€involved€in€export€controls€took€part€inÏthe€program.€ÌÌà  àIn€April€1996,€BXA€organized€a€legal€and€regulatory€forum€in€Washington€to€briefÏKazakstani€officials€on€the€legal€elements€of€the€U.S.€export€control€system,€including€executiveÏorders,€interagency€agreements€and€export€control€regulations€covering€dual„use€items,Ïmunitions,€nuclear,€chemical€and€biological€weapons.ÌÌà  àAlso€in€April€1996,€BXA€held€meetings€with€Kazakstani€engineers€to€design€systems€toÏautomate€Kazakstanððs€interagency€export€licensing€and€administration€procedures.ÌÌà  àIn€July€1996,€BXA€automation€experts€participated€in€interagency€assessment€andÏprogram€planning€in€Almaty€to€discuss€the€next€steps€in€automation,€and€in€September€1996,ÏBXA€hosted€an€interagency€forum€in€Washington€for€Kazakstani€officials€to€focus€on€draftingÏimplementing€regulations€for€the€new€export€control€law.€ÌÌòòRussiaóóÐ >æ ÐÌà  àIn€FY€1996,€BXA€led€successful€technical€exchanges€in€the€legal,€enforcement€andÏindustry„government€relations€areas.€ÌÌà  àIn€October€1995,€BXA€hosted€a€large€delegation€of€senior€Russian€industry€executivesÏand€government€export€control€officials€in€Boston€and€Washington€to€discussÏindustry-government€cooperation€on€export€controls.€€This€significant€activity€was€the€first€everÏto€bring€together€U.S.€and€Russian€business€executives€and€government€officials€and€to€provideÏan€unprecedented€forum€to€discuss€such€issues€as€the€administration€of€export€controls,€legalÏreform,€licensing,€industry€compliance,€and€enforcement.€ÌÌà  àIn€December€1995,€the€Russian€government€hosted€a€visiting€high-level€U.S.€interagencyÏdelegation€in€Moscow€to€deliver€presentations€on€the€operation€of€Russia's€export€control€system,Ïthe€€legal€framework€and€basis€for€their€dual-use€and€munitions€licensing€system,€the€operation€ofÏtheir€ministries€and€organizations.€ÌÌà  àIn€March€1996,€BXA€hosted€a€high„level€Russian€delegation€at€the€headquarters€ofÏseveral€U.S.€export€enforcement€agencies€in€Washington€to€discuss€U.S.€€preventive€enforcementÏprograms€and€methods.€€Following€these€meetings€in€Washington,€the€delegation€traveled€toÏâ âFlorida€where€Commerce€and€Customs€agents€discussed€investigative€techniques€used€in€the€Ð Z,*& ÐCardoen€case,€a€case€developed€jointly€by€Commerce€and€Customs.€€The€Russian€delegation€€metÏwith€the€assistant€United€States€attorney€who€prosecuted€the€case€and€the€federal€judge€whoÏpresided€over€the€case.Ìâ âÌà  àIn€April€1996,€BXA€led€an€interagency€legal€and€regulatory€workshop€in€Washington€forÏan€interministerial€Russian€delegation.€€Besides€providing€a€general€overview€of€the€U.S.€exportÏcontrol€system,€particular€attention€was€given€to€interagency€processes,€including€a€review€ofÏU.S.€licensing€procedures.ÌÌà  àIn€June€1996,€the€Russian€government€hosted€a€second€briefing€on€the€operation€ofÏRussia's€export€control€system€for€a€visiting€high-level€U.S.€interagency€delegation.€€ÌÌà  àIn€September€1996,€as€a€follow„up€to€an€earlier€enforcement€workshop,€BXA€led€anÏinteragency€delegation€to€Moscow€and€St.€Petersburg€to€participate€in€an€enforcement€workshopÏthat€focused€on€techniques€and€authorities€for€effective€preventive€enforcement,€includingÏscreening€and€use€of€end„user€checks.ÌÌòòUkraineóóÐ #Ë ÐÌà  àIn€1996,€BXA€participated€in€a€number€of€interagency€consultations€in€Kiev.€€IssuesÏdiscussed€included€equipment€delivery,€site€locations€for€a€computer€center,€a€schedule€for€futureÏtechnical€exchanges,€€review€of€the€software€support€development€process€and€training€supportÏfor€license€processing,€planning€of€the€next€phase€of€Ukraineððs€automation€system,€€and€review€ofÏUkrainian€control€lists€for€conformance€with€European€and€U.S.€models.€€Ukrainians€alsoÏprovided€a€draft€of€their€export€control€regulation€for€review€and€comment€by€U.S.€legal€experts.€€ÏUkraine€became€a€member€of€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement€in€1996.ÌÌà@ìàò òThe€Baltics€and€Central€Europe€ó óˆÐ 1 Ù ÐÌòòLatviaóóÐ g"  Ѐ̀€à  àIn€November€1995,€BXA€hosted€a€Latvian€export€control€assistance€and€exchangeÐ $E" Ðcooperation€program€in€Washington,€D.C.€for€representatives€of€the€Latvian€export€controlÏministries.€Issues€discussed€included€licensing,€preventive€enforcement,€and€automation.€€LatvianÏrepresentatives€briefed€the€U.S.€representatives€on€the€current€status€of€Latvia's€export€controlÏsystem€and€provided€copies€of€their€regulations€and€decree.ÌÌà  àIn€September€1996,€a€BXA€representative€participated€in€a€State„led€delegation€to€review€ÏLatviaððs€progress€implementing€its€export€control€system.€€Latvian€officials€demonstrated€howÏtheir€export€licensing€process€operates.€€U.S.€officials€also€observed€a€mobil€van€provided€by€theÏU.S.€that€was€performing€inspections€on€€incoming€and€outgoing€shipments€at€the€Riga€airport.€Ð .8,( ÐDuring€this€visit,€Latvian€officials€requested€future€technical€assistance€on€preventiveÏenforcement€techniques.¼à  àÌòòLithuaniaóóÐ ©Q ÐÌòòà  àóóIn€September€1996,€BXA€participated€in€an€interagency€delegation€meeting€withР߇ ÐLithuanian€export€control€authorities€who€explained€that€Lithuania€delayed€the€effective€date€ofÏits€new€export€control€law€to€July€1997€to€develop€implementing€regulations,€procedures,€andÏorganizations.€ÌÌòòRomaniaóóÐ f   ÐÌà  àIn€October€1995,€BXA€hosted€an€interagency€program€for€Romanian€export€controlÏofficials€to€discuss€a€variety€of€export€control€issues,€including€recent€developments€in€U.S.Ïexport€control€laws€and€regulations,€the€structure€of€control€lists,€licensing€procedures,Ïenforcement€of€controls,€and€requirements€for€a€strong€industry-government€relations€program.€ÏAlso,€a€BXA-led€interagency€delegation€visited€Romania€in€December€1995€to€discuss€legal€andÏfunctional€export€control€issues.€€The€issues€discussed€included€revisions€to€Romanian€exportÏcontrol€law€and€decrees,€licensing€procedures€for€dual-use€items,€enforcement€mechanisms,€andÏcatchall€controls.€ÌÌà  àRomania€became€a€member€of€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement€in€1996.€ÌòòÌBulgariaóóÐ Åm ÐÌà  àIn€November€1995,€a€BXA-led€interagency€export€control€delegation€visited€Bulgaria€toÏmeet€with€their€counterparts€on€the€technical€aspects€of€the€Bulgarian€export€control€system,Ïincluding€legal€authority,€license€review€and€procurement,€and€enforcement€procedures.€ÌÌà  àSenior€Bulgarian€officials€later€came€to€the€U.S.€in€April€1996€to€discuss€BulgariaððsÏprogress€in€implementing€its€new€export€control€law€and€decree€governing€dual„use€andÏmunitions€items.€€These€new€authorities€figured€significantly€in€a€decision€leading€to€BulgariaððsÏmembership€in€the€Wassenaar€Arrangement€this€year.€€This€was€also€the€final€export€control„¼related€activity€in€the€multi„year€series€of€activities€funded€under€the€Commercial€LawÏDevelopment€Program.ÌÌÌÌÌà@È È ìàò òOther€Commerce-led€Events€and€Activitiesó óˆÐ u-+' ÐÐ .8,( ÐòòThird€Annual€Symposium€for€Foreign€Export€Control€OfficialsÐ X ÐóóÌà  àIn€July€1996,€BXA€hosted€its€third€annual€symposium€in€Washington€for€37€senior€exportÏcontrol€government€officials€from€16€nations€--€Albania,€Belarus,€Bulgaria,€Czech€Republic,ÏEstonia,€Hungary,€Kazakstan,€Latvia,€Lithuania,€Moldova,€Poland,€Romania,€Russia,€Slovakia,ÏSlovenia€and€Ukraine.€€Ì€Ìà  àThe€symposium€consisted€of€two€parts:€1)€the€BXA€Update€'96€Conference,€whichÏfocused€on€licensing€policy,€U.S.€export€control€laws;€and€recently€revised€and€streamlined€U.S.ÏExport€Administration€Regulations;€and€2)€the€Foreign€Export€Control€Officials€Forum,€which€Ïprovided€an€exchange€of€views€on€foreign€export€control€systems.ÌÌà  àThis€yearððs€program€focused€on€harmonizing€national€export€control€systems€withÏinternational€regimes.€€The€consensus€view€was€that€next€yearððs€program€should€addressÏenforcement€issues.€ÌÌòòExport€Control€Forum€for€Parliamentarians€and€OfficialsóóÐ ° ÐÌà  àIn€July€1996,€BXA€hosted€a€delegation€of€high„level€executive€and€parliamentary€officialsÏfrom€Azerbaijan,€Belarus,€Georgia,€Kazakstan,€Kyrgyzstan,€Russia,€Ukraine,€and€Uzbekistan€toÏparticipate€in€a€program€for€Formulating€and€Implementing€U.S.€Arms€Control€andÏNonproliferation€Policy,€sponsored€by€the€Monterey€Institute.€€Senior€BXA€officials€briefedÏparticipants€focusing€on€export€control€issues,€including€the€legislative€progress€on€the€ExportÏAdministration€Act.ÌÌòòDepartment€of€State's€Nonproliferation€and€Disarmament€Fund€Ð û£ ÐóóÌà  àBXA€also€provides€technical€support€for€State-led€initiatives€funded€through€theÏNonproliferation€and€Disarmament€Fund€(NDF).€€The€principal€BXA€activity€in€these€initiativesÏis€to€design€implement€a€prototype€automated€system€known€as€the€Multilateral€Export€ControlÏInformation€System€(MECIS).ÌÌà  àIn€early€July€1996,€a€senior€computer€specialist€participated€in€the€test€and€acceptance€ofÏthe€Polish€Export€License€System€(PELTS)€in€Warsaw€Poland.€€€The€system€was€accepted€andÏplaced€in€a€limited€operational€status€in€which€parallel€operations€(paper„electronic)€were€in€placeÏfor€a€period€of€two€months.€€BXA€automation€experts€continue€to€support€modification€of€theÏPelts€system€order€to€provide€a€platform€with€broader€applications.ÌÌòòU.S.„Turkey€Export€Control€and€Nonproliferation€Forum€in€IstanbulóóÐ Z,*& Ðâ âÐ u-+' Ðà  àIn€November€1995,€BXA€participated€in€a€U.S.€interagency€delegation€that€co„hosted€anÏâ âexport€control€forum€with€Turkey€for€the€Central€Asian€and€Transcaucasian€states.€The€U.S.Ïinteragency€delegation€made€presentations€and€briefed€representatives€from€Armenia,€Azerbaijan,ÏKazakstan,€Kyrgyzstan,€Tajikistan,€Turkmenistan,€and€Uzbekistan€on€the€full€range€of€exportÏcontrol€and€nonproliferation€issues,€including€licensing,€enforcement,€and€industry-governmentÏrelations.€ÌÌòòExport€Controls€for€Central€Asian€and€Transcaucasus€CountriesóóÐ  ½ ÐÌà  àIn€September€1996,€BXA€participated€in€organizing€the€Washington€Export€ControlÏNonproliferation€forum€for€representatives€from€the€Central€Asian€and€Transcaucasian€states.€ÏU.S.€export€control€officials€and€Turkish€representatives€made€presentations€and€briefed€exportÏcontrol€officials€from€Armenia,€Azerbaijan,€Georgia,€Kazakstan,€Kyrgyzstan,€Tajikistan,ÏTurkmenistan,€and€Uzbekistan€on€the€full€range€of€export€control€and€nonproliferation€issues,€Ïincluding€legal€and€regulatory€authority€for€dual„use€and€munitions€controls,€control€list€review,€Ïlicense€review,€preventive€enforcement,€U.S.€Customs€enforcement€and€industry€outreach.€€€ÌÌà  àThe€forum€alerted€officials€to€the€importance€of€strategic€trade€controls€on€arms€andÏsensitive€dual„use€items€and€provided€in„depth€practical€assistance€on€implementing€andÏenforcing€export€control€laws.ÌÌà@&&!ìàò òProgram€Methodologyó óˆÐ 7 ÐÌòòAssessmentóóÐ Åm ÐÌà  àThe€first€step€is€to€conduct€an€assessment€of€the€current€status€of€a€host€country's€exportÏcontrol€system.€€This€is€accomplished€through€an€Export€Control€System€Assessment€(ECSA)Ïperformed€by€an€interagency€team€of€experts€utilizing€a€standardized€appraisal€format.€€ÌÌòòEvaluationóóÐ g"  ÐÌà  àInformation€gathered€during€this€assessment€provides€an€understanding€of€the€strengthsÏand€weaknesses€of€the€export€control€system€and€helps€to€determine€where€cooperative€effortsÏshould€be€focused.ÌÌòòÌÌÌRecommendationóóÐ Z,*& Ðâ âÐ u-+' Ðà  àUnderstanding€gained€from€the€evaluation€provides€the€basis€for€a€plan€of€cooperativeÏâ âexchange€program€activities€to€meet€host€country€requirements.€€ÌÌòòCooperative€Implementation€Program€DevelopmentÐ ©Q ÐóóÌà  àU.S.€and€host€country€experts€meet€to€design,€shape,€and€adjust€the€activities.€€The€U.S.Ïinteragency€group,€with€its€foreign€counterparts,€plans€a€full€range€of€technical€exchangeÏactivities,€and€identifies€long-term€material€requirements.€€ÌÌòòImplementation€of€€ProgramóóÐ K ó  ÐÌà  àIn€cooperation€with€their€foreign€counterparts,€interagency€experts€implement€theÏprogram,€offer€concrete€advice,€and€provide€support€for€the€technical€exchanges.ÌÌòòCooperative€Program€EvaluationóóÐ Òz ÐÌà  àWe€are€constantly€reevaluating€the€effectiveness€of€our€nonproliferation€cooperationÏprogram€with€our€foreign€counterparts.Ô#†X»ØXXXve¸¨#ÔÐ #Ë ÐÌÐ  -Õ Ðà@--%ìàÔ€XveXXX»ØÔÔ‡RÇQXXveÔAppendix€€1Ô#†XveXQRÇpñ#ԈРX ÐÔ‡¼ »XXveÔà@ ìàApproved€Applications€for€Country€Groups€Q,W,Y,Z,€and€China€(PRC)òò1óóˆÐ æŽ ÐÔ€¼hÜ<»»¼ 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Ѐ€0A84€€€€€SHOTGUNS/SHOTGUN€SHELLS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€21€€€€€€€€€€$4,675,415Ì€€0D001€€€€SOFTWARE€FOR€DEVELOPMENT,PRODUCTION,USE€0B001,3,8€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$0Ì€€1A003€€€€MANUFACTURES€OF€NON-FLUORINATED€POLYMERIC€SUBSTANC€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$127,000Ì€€1C010€€€€FIBROUS/FILAMENTARY€MATERIALS€USED€IN€MATRIX€STRUC€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€$28,000Ì€€1C202€€€€ALUMINUM€AND€TITANIUM€ALLOYS€IN€THE€FORM€OF€TUBES/€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$1,016Ì€€1C60€€€€€PRECURSOR/INTERMEDIATE€CHEMICALS€FOR€CHEMICAL€WARF€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$108Ì€€1D02€€€€€SOFTWARE€UTILIZED€FOR€DEVELOPMENT€OF€ORGANIC€MATRI€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$1Ì€€2A50€€€€€NUCLEAR€REACTOR€AND€NUCLEAR€POWER€PLANT€RELATED€EQ€€€€€€€€€3€€€€€€€€€€$9,763,506Ì€€2D290€€€€SOFTWARE€SPECIALLY€DESIGNED€OR€MODIFIED€FOR€2A290/€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$0Ì€€2E001€€€€TECHNOLOGY€SUPPORTING€EQUIPMENT/SOFTWARE€IN€2A/2B/€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$999,000Ì€€3A02€€€€€GENERAL€PURPOSE€ELECTRONIC€EQUIPMENT€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€$57,385Ì€€4D03€€€€€SPECIFIC€SOFTWARE,€AS€DESCRIBED€IN€THIS€ENTRY€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$100,000Ì€€4E01€€€€€TECHNOLOGY€FOR€D,€P€OR€U€OF€4A01-4A04€OR€4D01-4D03€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$2Ì€€4E02€€€€€TECHNOLOGY€FOR€MDSP,€IMAGE€ENHANCEMENT,€AND€HARD€D€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$1Ì€€6A002€€€€OPTICAL€SENSORS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$3,235Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€APPLICATIONS:€36Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€CCL'S:€15Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€DOLLAR€VALUE:€$15,754,669ÌÌÌ€€ò òUZBEKISTANó óÐ ð˜$ Ѐ€1C350€€€€PRECURSOR/INTERMEDIATE€CHEMICALS€FOR€CHEMICAL€WARF€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€$4,650,000Ì€€1C60€€€€€PRECURSOR/INTERMEDIATE€CHEMICALS€FOR€CHEMICAL€WARF€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€$12,000,000Ì€€3A51€€€€€MASS€SPECTROMETERS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$756,000ÌÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€APPLICATIONS:€3Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€CCL'S:€3Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€DOLLAR€VALUE:€$17,406,000ÌÌÌ€€ò òVIETNAMó óÐ x$ "0 Ѐ€0A82€€€€€POLICE€HELMETS/HANDCUFFS/SHIELDS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$9,000Ì€€0A84€€€€€SHOTGUNS/SHOTGUN€SHELLS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€€€€€$80,000Ì€€1C18€€€€€ITEMS€ON€THE€INTERNATIONAL€MUNITIONS€LIST€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€$25,000Ì€€1C351€€€€HUMAN€PATHOGENS,€ZOONOSES,€AND€TOXINS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$900Ì€€1C60€€€€€PRECURSOR/INTERMEDIATE€CHEMICALS€FOR€CHEMICAL€WARF€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$50Ì€€2E201€€€€TECHNOLOGY€FOR€USE€OF€COMMODITIES€CONTROLLED€BY€2A€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$200,000Ì€€3A001€€€€ELECTRONIC€DEVICES/COMPONENTS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€$18,330Ì€€3A202€€€€OSCILLOSCOPES€AND€TRANSIENT€RECORDERS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€$38,271Ì€€3A231€€€€NEUTRON€GENERATOR€SYSTEMS€INCLUDING€TUBES€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$102,000Ì€€3E201€€€€TECHNOLOGY€FOR€THE€USE€OF€CERTAIN€ITEMS€IN€3A€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$200,000Ì€€4E001€€€€TECHNOLOGY€FOR€DEV/PROD/USE€OF€CERTAIN€EQUIP/SOFTW€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€€€€$200,001Ì€€5A11€€€€€SYSTEMS/EQUIPMENT/INTEGRATED€CIRCUITS€FOR€INFO€SEC€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€€$6,295,000Ì€€5E001€€€€TECHNOLOGY€FOR€DEV/PROD/USE,€ETC,€OF€EQUIP.€IN€5A0€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$200,000Ì€€5E002€€€€TECHNOLOGY€FOR€DEV/PROD/USE€OF€INFORMATION€SECURIT€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€€$30,000Ð l.,> Ѐ€6A01€€€€€ACOUSTICS€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€$10,000,000Ì€€7A103€€€€INSTRUMENTATION,€NAVIGATION€EQUIPMENT/SYSTEMS€NOT€€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€€€€$314,715Ì€€9A18€€€€€COMMODITIES€ON€THE€INTERNATIONAL€MUNITIONS€LIST€€€€€€€€€€€€2€€€€€€€€€€$2,417,400Ì€€9A90€€€€€CERTAIN€DIESEL€ENGINES,€OTHER€ITEMS,€AND€PARTS€€€€€€€€€€€€€1€€€€€€€€€€€€$200,000ÌÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€APPLICATIONS:€19Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€CCL'S:€18Ì€€€€€€€€€€TOTAL€DOLLAR€VALUE:€$20,330,667ÌÌÌÌòòòò1óóóóThe€license€and€dollar€value€data€in€this€appendix€includes€temporary€export€and€reexport€licenses.Ð – >  ÐÌòòòò2óóóóWithin€each€country,€the€sum€of€the€numbers€in€this€column€may€not€equal€Total€Applications€because€moreÐ  ª  Ðthan€one€CCL€item€may€appear€on€an€export€license€application.Ð  ¸ `  ÐÔ‡XhÜ<»<»¤hÜÔÔ‡XveX<»XhÜÔÌÓÓÔ#†¤€‘;¤XXveÜh#ÔÔ‡RÇQ;¤¤€‘Ôò òAppendix€2ó óÔ#†¤€‘;¤QRÇNi#ÔÔ‡XveX;¤¤€‘ÔÐ s ÐÌÔ#†¤€‘;¤XXve i#ÔÔ‡¼ »;¤¤€‘Ôò òReport€on€Domestic€Impact€of€U.S.€Exports€to€Controlled€CountriesÐ Ä Ðó óÔ#†¤€‘;¤»¼ øi#ÔÔ‡XveX;¤¤€‘ÔÓiÓÌÌà  àIn€accordance€with€Section€14(e)€of€the€Export€Administration€Act€of€1979,€as€amended,Ïthe€Bureau€of€Export€Administration€continues€to€assess€the€impact€on€U.S.€industry€anÏemployment€of€output€from€ð ðcontrolled€countriesððñ ñ׃"×ñ ññ ñ׃W×ñ ñÝ ƒ!#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×,€resulting,€in€particular,€from€the€use€of€U.S.Ð Ó {  Ðexport€of€turnkey€plants€and€manufacturing€facilities.ÌÌà  àSection€14(e),€which€was€added€as€an€amendment€to€the€Act€in€1985,€requires€theÏfollowing:ÌÌð ð...detailed€description€of€the€extent€of€injury€to€U.S.€industry€and€the€extent€of€job€displacementÏcaused€by€U.S.€export€of€goods€and€technology€to€controlled€countries...A€full€analysis€of€theÏconsequences€of€exports€of€turnkey€plants€and€manufacturing€facilities€to€controlled€countries€toÏproduce€goods€for€export€to€the€United€States€or€compete€with€U.S.€products€in€export€markets.ððÌÌòòTurnkey€Plants€and€Facilities€ExportsÐ ü¤ ÐóóÌà  àThe€Export€Administration€Regulations€allow€the€export€of€certain€turnkey€plants€andÏfacilities€under€General€License€GTDU€and€GTDR€when€required€conditions€are€met.€€TheseÏlicenses€do€not€require€submission€of€data€to€BXA.€€There€were€no€individual€validated€licensesÏfor€turnkey€facilities€to€controlled€countries€by€BXA€in€FY€1996.ÌÌòòGoods€and€Technology€ExportsóóÐ ¹a ÐÌà  àHistorically,€the€dollar€value€of€trade€with€controlled€destinations€has€been€low.€€In€1995,ÏU.S.€exports€to€these€countries€totaled€$16.2€billion€dollars,€an€increase€of€$2.7€billion€over€theÏ1994€figure€but€still€only€representing€2.79%€of€the€total€U.S.€exports.€€An€examination€of€theÏcommodity€categories€shows€that€the€capital€goods€items,€including€those€used€forÏmanufacturing,€represent€48.52%€of€the€total€controlled€country€exports.€€Still,€given€the€minorÏshare€of€U.S.€exports€to€these€countries,€the€overall€adverse€impact€through€injury€to€U.S.Ïindustry€and€job€placement€is€probably€low.Ð ‘(9&" Їà  àAt€the€same€time,€concern€has€been€raised€about€the€short€and€long„term€competitivenessÏconsequences€of€technology€transfer€to€certain€controlled€countries,€including€the€PeopleððsÏRepublic€of€China.€€Although€the€basis€for€our€export€controls€are€national€security,€foreignÏpolicy,€or€short€supply,€BXA,€as€part€of€its€defense€industrial€base€monitoring€responsibilities,€onÏan€ongoing€basis€reviews€possible€impacts€of€technology€transfer.€€This€is€performed€in€theÏcontext€of€work€on€reviewing€the€impact€of€offsets€on€defense€trade,€its€participation€in€theÏTreasury€Department„chaired€Committee€on€Foreign€Investment€in€the€United€States€(CFIUS),Ïand€in€assessing€a€number€of€specific€industrial€sectors,€such€as€precision€bearings,€advancedÏcomposites,€and€robotics.€€Additional€information€is€available€from€BXAððs€Office€of€StrategicÏIndustries€and€Economic€Security€in€the€form€of€specific€studies€completed€on€theÏcompetitiveness€of€these€sectors.Ô#†XhÜ<»XXveûh#ÔÔ#†¤hÜ<»<»XhÜ–j#ÔÐ  f   Ð